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Haamro Notes

सूचना प्रविधिको महत्त्व निबन्ध-Importance of Communication Nepali Essay in [200+ words]

2021-10-18T09:41:00.010+05:45

सूचना प्रविधिको महत्त्व निबन्ध -Importance of Communication Nepali Essay

Essay on Covid 19 (Corona virus) in Nepali in [250 words]-कोरोना भाइरस निबन्ध

2021-10-18T09:17:00.019+05:45

कोरोना भाइरस निबन्ध -

Nepali essay in 250 words

Descriptive paragraph on My Classroom in [100 words]

2021-10-13T14:52:00.001+05:45

Write a description of your class in about 100 words.

A paragraph on My classroom in 100 words

A classroom is the place where classes are held for facilitating the students to learn. My

class room is in the left of the school building. It is very spacious and well ventilated. It can

accommodate fifty students comfortably. It has two doors and four wide windows, so we

get sufficient air and light. The room has two fans and four tube lights. We use the fans

when it is necessary. There are twenty-five two-seater desks and fifty chairs, one for each

student. There is a raised platform for the teachers. A big whiteboard is fixed at the front

wall. The walls and the ceiling are nicely white washed. There are four soft boards for

students and teachers to display their work. We keep the classroom neat and clean. We feel

comfortable in the classroom.

A couple of paragraphs on My likes and dislikes

2021-10-13T14:32:00.004+05:45

Write a couple of paragraphs in about 120 to 300 words on your likes and dislikes.

A couple of paragraphs on My Likes and Dislikes

Like every human being, I have many likes and dislikes. When I talk about my likes, I like to talk about my favourite colour, TV shows, movies, actors, food, books, pets, games and sports and music. My favourite colour is light blue. If given a choice, I always choose the light blue colour because I find it soothing. I like to wear light blue coloured clothes. My favourite TV show is “Meri Bassai” because I find this show very funny. My favourite movie is “Nai Nabhannu La” because the characters have done full justice to the movie with the roles they have played. My favourite actors are Rajesh Hamal and Keki Adhikari. Chicken momo is my favourite food because I like its taste and the sauce that comes with it. My favourite book is “Cheena Harayako Manche” written by Hari Bamsha Acharya. I could not help laughing while reading it. I love pets. My favourite pet is a dog. I like Labrador a lot because they are well-behaved dogs. Football is my favourite sport. I play football with my friends at school.My favourite music is folk music.

I have some dislikes too. When I talk about my dislikes, I like to talk about the colour I hate most, pets that I hate and the food that I avoid eating. Generally, I like all the colours except brown because I find it very dull. I never wear anything brown and I never choose the brown colour for anything. I hate cats because I don‟t find them friendly at all. I would never keep cats as pets and would never advise anyone to have cats as pets. I eat all kinds of vegetarian and non-vegetarian food, but I hate noodles. I always avoid eating noodles.

Essay on Importance of English language -150 words

2021-10-02T15:46:00.002+05:45

English is an international language spoken all over the world. People of the world communicate with each other using the English language. Therefore, the English language is also known as a lingua France or common language. It is also the medium of communicating through e-mail and the internet.

English language has been the medium of education in all parts of the world. Many important subjects like science, economics, biology, physics etc. are taught in the English language. It is also important to understand literature like: poems, stories, essays, dramas etc. Even politicians should understand English. If they do not, they cannot understand world politics. They cannot communicate their ideas to foreign intellectuals and politicians. It is also used in industries, factories and commerce. Therefore, the value and importance of the English language is increasing day by day.

In our country also, those who do not speak, write or understand English language seem to be backward. Thus , there is a great importance of English language.

Essay on Women Rights in Nepal

2021-10-02T15:18:00.004+05:45

Man and women are two wheels of a cart. They have equal roles in making the cart move properly. If one of the wheels is weaker, the cart cannot move properly as needed. Our country is also facing a similar problem. Most of the women of our country are not getting proper rights.

About half of the problem of Nepal is women but they are not given equal rights as men, They are exploited in different ways. Nepali women are sold in different countries like animals. Even in almost every place of Nepal, boys are sent to school for getting the education. They are also provided with better health facilities but the girls are kept at home for household works. They are not allowed to study. They are not provided proper health facilities, proper food and so on. They are forced to work as a slave. Women in Nepal are not allowed to study because people think that they have to marry once, women cannot do any work and so on. If women are provided with their rights then they can also tackle men. Many women like: Florence Nightingale, Margaret Thatcher, Benazir Bhutto are examples of such women.

If Nepali women are also provided with the same rights as men they can also do great work in future. Therefore, we should provide equal rights to women.

Swine Flu kills 20 in Pokhara - News Report

2021-09-19T18:29:00.004+05:45

Swine Flu Kills 20 in Pokhara (The headline)

-HNS, Pokhara, by Anil Mishra. (Source, place, reporter)

The infectious Mexican flu, Swine Flu has caused at least 20 deaths (what happened?) in Pokhara valley alone during this month (where and when happened?). The flu is said to have spread throughout Pokhara valley at an alarming rate.

Local health personnel claim that the disease appeared there because of the inflow of Mexican tourists in Pokhara (how did it happen?). “When an infected person gets into contact with a normal person, the disease easily transfers from one to another,” said a medical professional (what do the witness/ participants say?). More than 70 people are at different hospitals for the treatment of the flu.

Meanwhile, the District Education Office has announced a 7-day school closure due to the fear of further disaster. The administration has requested the public to wear an air-mask for health safety (what happened after the incident?).

Talented Students Awarded Medals - Sample News Report

2021-09-19T18:24:00.003+05:45

Talented Students Awarded Medals Published: September 5, 2021, Kathmandu: Talented students belonging to the schools of Kathmandu district were awarded medals in a colourful ceremony held here in Kathmandu today.

The top 3 students who had scored excellent grades in the Secondary Education Examination (SEE) exam held last year were recognized with gold, silver and bronze medals by an organization known as the Institute of Science and Technology. The best among the best was Megha Gurung from Sagun School.

She was awarded a gold medal. Similarly, Sanu Kaji Sherpa from S.P.S. School and Shanti Rana from J.P. School were awarded a silver medal and a bronze medal, respectively. These medals were awarded on the basis of the grades the respective students obtained in the SEE exam. The Chief Guest, District Education Officer congratulated the awardees after he distributed the medals. He furthermore, encouraged all the students participating as the audience in the programme to work hard in order to meet the glorious destination of life

Essay on "My Travel Experience to Lumbini"

2021-09-13T19:00:00.007+05:45

My Travel Experience to Lumbini Essay

Travelling is really fun. I love travelling to different places. Last year, I travelled to Lumbini along with my family. Lumbini is far away from where I live so reaching Lumbini was not so easy for us. We had to travel a long distance. We woke up early in the morning, packed our bags and headed towards the bus station.

We sat on the bus to Lumbini. Then, the bus started moving. The beautiful scenery on the way amazed us. We were mesmerized by the green hills and mountains. The bus stopped in the midway for a short lunch break. We had our lunch and again, our journey to Lumbini started. After long hours of journey, we reached Bhairahawa (the headquarter of Rupandehi). Lumbini is just 15-20 km far away from Bhairahawa. Actually, we reached there at night and stayed in a hotel. The next morning, we headed towards Lumbini in a taxi. Within few hours, we reached Lumbini.

Lumbini is surrounded by huge walls and compounds. There are many gates from where you can get an entrance to Lumbini. Nepal police guard the area sitting at the entrance. They were checking the identity of the foreign tourists and issuing tickets for them taking some amount of money. They did not take money from us so I came to know that visiting Lumbini is free for the Nepali nationals. I entered Lumbini from one of the gates.

The stupas and monasteries in Lumbini are distant from each other. So, we wandered here and there. It would be better if we had booked cycles for each from outside. Many people were travelling in a cycle but we had to travel on foot.

Lumbini is the birthplace of Gautam Buddha who is also known as the "light of Asia". The main attraction in Lumbini is the Mayadevi Temple. Inside the Mayadevi temple, there is an archaeological site that is considered to be the birthplace of the Gautam Buddha. There are some footsteps printed on the site which is considered as the little Buddha's footsteps. People line up to visit this holy place. In front of the Mayadevi temple, there is a sacred pool where Mayadevi is considered to have taken bath after giving birth to Buddha. This sacred pool is called Puskarni.

We also visited other stupas and monasteries constructed by different countries like India, Singapore, France, Luxembourg, China, Thailand and many more. All of them have beautiful architecture and design. We snapped many pictures with stupas and monasteries for memory.

We stayed in Lumbini till the next day. After that, we returned to our home. I was not willing to leave Lumbini so quicker. But it was our compulsion. My father had to return to the job and (my sister and me) we had to return to school. The memories of this travel experience still flashes in my memory.

[250+ words]English Essay On My Travel Experience

2021-09-12T10:42:00.001+05:45

My Travel Experience To Ghalegaun-English essay for Class 6,7,8,9,10.

{tocify} $title={Table of Contents}

Why do you love travelling?

Travelling to different places let us enhance our knowledge and capture beautiful memories along with the trip. I love travelling. Whenever I get the holiday, I go travelling.

Where and how did you travel?

Last year, I had a trip to Ghalegaun along with my family. We went there via bus. We caught a bus to Lamjung in the early morning in the Butwal bus park. The next day, we reached Besisahar, headquarter of Lamjung. Ghalegaun is only 24 kilometres away from Besisahar. We reached there within 2 hours by jeep ride.

How was the place like?

We were very tired when we reached there. But the beautiful scenery made us forget all our pains and difficulty. We got mesmerized by the beautiful view of Ghale Gaun. The village was surrounded by green hills and high mountains. The clustered houses made up of mud and rock made the view even more breathtaking.

What was your experience in that place?

The villagers welcomed us putting tika and offering garlands. We stayed there in a local homestay. People very very calm and friendly. They provided us with great hospitality and service that we never realised that we are far away from our house. It was like a second home to us. The food there was delicious. We all had typical Nepali meals like ato, dhindo, gundruk, sel roti, and so on. We also observed their beautiful culture. They performed various cultural dances like Ghatu, Rodhi, Maruni, etc as per our demand. We stayed there for a lot of days. The weather was quite good all over the period we stayed there. It was cool in the morning and evening whereas warm and shooting in the daytime.

Credit: Shreeram Shah

What is your conclusion about the place?

We enjoyed ourselves a lot there. The beautiful scenery of Ghalegaun still flashes in my memory.

write a travel essay describing travel experience, an English essay on my travel experience, my best trip, my travel experience story, write about travel experience, my experience in travelling

Lack of technology holds students back

2021-09-09T17:51:00.005+05:45

An essay on "Lack of technology holds students back"

This is the 21^st century, the age of science and technology. Science and technology has drastically changed the world today. One of the sectors developed by science and technology in the education sector.

The introduction of technology in the classroom has been a blessing for students. Learning has become easier than before. Classrooms are equipped with smart learning materials like smart boards and computers. Students can learn interactively with the help of digital presentations and animation.

Every student has smartphones and laptops on their hands with the help of which they can complete their thirst for knowledge. There are many online learnings apps with the help of which students can learn at their own pace. Those who want to learn more can dig up matters on the internet and learn themselves at their own capacity.

Technology also reduces the cost of education. One can attend international courses sitting at their home. Many such programs are being conducted today. Even if you have no money to enrol in such classes, you can gain knowledge of various subject matters for free on google and youtube. Even if you have no money to buy physical books, you can get thousands of e-books at cheap prices or even free of cost.

The importance of technology in the education sector has come in limelight due to the Coronavirus pandemic. Corona brought huge devastation to the world today. Many people lost their lives. Many industries, hospitals and shops closed. People are locked up in their houses due to the fear of Corona. Since it is not possible to conduct teaching-learning activities in such an environment, educational institutions like schools, colleges and universities are also physically closed. But the teaching-learning activities did not stop. Teaching-learning activities continued with the use of digital devices, the internet and online meeting software like Zoom, Google Meet and Microsoft Team.

Education was the only sector not much affected by the pandemic. It was due to the use of science and technology in the education sector. If there were no digital devices, internet and online meeting software then what would be the condition of the Education sector today, can you even imagine?

Thus, these points prove that education is impossible without the use of technology in today’s scenario and lack of technology definitely holds students back.

An essay on "Native language is better than English language

2021-09-08T21:06:00.017+05:45

An essay on "Native language is better than the English language" | A debate on "Native (Nepali) language is better than the English language"

Honourable Chairperson of the program, jury members, respected teachers, my fellow competitors, my beloved friends and junior brothers and sisters warm greetings to everyone. Today, its me (my name) from Grade 10 going to put my points for the topic “Native language is better than the English language”.

Note: The above paragraph is only necessary for the debate. If you are writing an essay you can avoid the first paragraph. {alertWarning}

First of all, what is language? Language is verbal means of communication that is used by humans to communicate with each other. There are many languages in the world: English, Nepali, French, Spanish, and so on. Among them, English is the most widely used one. But this does not mean that English is a better language than Nepali. (Nepali is a native language in my case.)

The Nepali language is originated from the Sanskrit language which is the oldest language in the world. It is a humble and respectful language. English has only “You” for the second person and “He, she, they” for the third person but you can find a lot in Nepali according to class and respect. For example, in the English language, “You” is used for juniors, elders, everyone but in the Nepali language there is “Tapai” for elders, “Timi” for the same level of respect or to juniors and “Ta” for the lowest term of respect.

Secondly, the native language is easier to learn. In fact, no effort is required in order to learn a native language. We learn it automatically. We learn it from toddler age listening to our mother, near ones and our surrounding. On the other hand, learning a foreign language like English requires a lot of effort. Moreover, it is very difficult to master the English language for a non-native speaker. No matter how hard one practices it is hard to develop accent and pronunciation like a native English speaker.

Thirdly, the importance of language depends on the location and surrounding of a person. For a native person, no language is better than his native language. For example, for a Nepali citizen, Nepali is more useful than English, for an Indian citizen Hindi is useful and for a Chinese citizen, Chinese is more useful. He/she has to use native language more than English in his/her country.

Furthermore, our culture and identity are linked to our language. Language is our identity and property. In course of learning the English language, one may also embrace English culture leaving his/her culture behind. Its effect is already seen in many places in the world and cannot be neglected. For example, Native words are replaced by English words. Own cultures, celebrations, festivals are forgotten and English festivals, cultures are embraced.

I would like to conclude my points by saying that no language is better than native language neither English nor any other foreign language.

[Download PDF] High School Physics Textbook PDF

2021-09-03T09:51:00.006+05:45

If you are searching for High School Physics Textbook PDF for free download then you are at the right place. This book is solely published by Free High School Text (FHST) authors under a free license which allows us to share, modify and take every opportunity of this book.

[Download PDF] High School Chemistry Textbook PDF

2021-09-03T09:35:00.006+05:45

If you are searching for High School Chemistry Textbook PDF for free download then you are at the right place. This book is solely published by Free High School Text (FHST) authors under a free license which allows us to share, modify and take every opportunity of this book.

[Download PDF] Grade 11 Social Studies Textbook PDF Nepal

2021-09-03T08:21:00.008+05:45

If you are searching for Class 11 Social Studies Book 2078 PDF Nepal for free download then you are at the right place. This book is solely published by Janak Publication Under Curriculum Development Centre(CDC) of Nepal and we do not have any rights to it. You are recommended to buy a physical copy of the book. This one is only for educational purposes.

[Download PDF] Class 11 English Book PDF Nepal

2021-09-02T21:59:00.004+05:45

If you are searching for Class 11 English Book 2078 PDF Nepal for free download then you are at the right place. This book is solely published by Janak Publication Under Curriculum Development Centre(CDC) of Nepal and we do not have any rights to it. You are recommended to buy a physical copy of the book. This one is only for educational purposes.

[Download PDF] Nepali Book Class 11 PDF Nepal

2021-09-02T21:38:00.007+05:45

If you are searching for Class 11 Nepali Book 2078 PDF Nepal for free download then you are at the right place. This book is solely published by Janak Publication Under Curriculum Development Centre(CDC) of Nepal and we do not have any rights to it. You are recommended to buy a physical copy of the book. This one is only for educational purposes.

[Download PDF] Atlas Book of Nepal

2021-09-02T14:32:00.007+05:45

If you are searching for Atlas book of Nepal PDF for free download then you are at the right place.

The Himalaya comprises a continuous chain of high mountain ranges that stretches from Afghanistan in the west to China and Myanmar in the east and is the source of the great rivers of Asia. The extreme landscape and weather conditions are reflected in a vast cultural and biological diversity. The region directly supports some 150 million people, and impacts on 500 million more downstream. The Atlas of the Himalaya was prepared to support understanding of Himalayan geography and development activities in the region. It is the outcome of a collaboration between the University of Eastern Kentucky, USA, and ICIMOD and is designed for use by researchers and practitioners, as well as those interested in the region in general. The Atlas covers the main range from the Indus in the west to the Brahmaputra in the east. The maps are presented without international boundaries and are complemented by textual descriptions and photographs. The Atlas provides information on the characteristics of physical geography, geology, climate, and natural hazards, as well as sociocultural and historical descriptions. It highlights the Himalaya as an important resource base and underscores the need for conservation of the mountain ecosystem to go hand in hand with development. This book is for regional distribution only.

Author(s):	Julsun Pacheco, Basanta Shrestha, David Zurick, Birendra Bajracharya
Editor(s):	Punam Pradhan, Gauri Dangol, Greta M. Pennington Rana, Harka Gurung
Publisher:	ICIMOD
Place of Publication:	Nepal
Publication year:	2005
Price: Free
Total pages:	109
Language:	English

[Download PDF] CDC Nepal Class 10 English textbook

2021-09-02T09:19:00.007+05:45

If you are searching for Class 10 English Book 2078 PDF for free download then you are at the right place. This book is solely published by Janak Publication Under Curriculum Development Centre(CDC) of Nepal and we do not have any rights to it. You are recommended to buy a physical copy of the book. This one is only for educational purposes.

A letter to the editor on reckless driving

2021-09-01T08:48:00.008+05:45

A letter to the Editor on reckless driving

New Road, Kathmandu

Kathmandu

5 th Baishak, 2074

The Editor,

The Kathmandu Post

Kathmandu, Nepal

Dear Sir,

Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I wish to draw the attention of Traffic Police of Kathmandu Metropolitan city towards reckless driving.

It is high time that proper steps are taken to put a stop to the reckless driving of motor bikes, cars and other vehicles in the streets of our thickly populated city. It was only yesterday that a school boy narrowly escaped from being run over by a passenger car going at a very high speed. The boy was crossing the street when a car came racing along at a great speed.

Many women and children who try to cross the roads of this overpopulated city become victims to such reckless driving. This has caused many fatal accidents.

There is no doubt that regulations regarding speed limit do exist, but the drivers pay no heed to them. Hence, accidents are almost a daily occurrence.

The police must strictly enforce the regulations regarding the speed limit. The public who are the worst sufferers, must bring pressure to bear upon the police and the other authorities to put a stop to reckless driving, otherwise this hazard will continue leading to more deaths.

Thanking you.

Yours sincerely,

Ramesh Shrestha

Mobile no: 9800000001

Email: rshtra@gmail.com

A dialogue between two students who have distinct views on the qualities of a captain or a leader

2021-08-29T13:10:00.003+05:45

1. Write a dialogue between two students who have distinct views on the qualities of a captain or a leader.

Answer-

Mani Pratap: Don’t you think our school captain should possess leadership qualities?

Sunaina: Of course! In my view, the captains must be disciplined. Not only that, they mustn’t be biased.

Mani Pratap: Hmmm. They can be popular if they have the ability of motivating students.

Sunaina: I think, they need to handle any problem that may arise in school.

Mani Pratap: You mean all the problems?

Sunaina: Right!

Mani Pratap: It’s impossible. School management and teachers are always there for it. They handle any hassle, don’t they?

Sunaina: Yes, they do. But, the selection of a good captain is not an easy task! We can’t overlook personality of our leader.

Mani Pratap: Absolutely! Well, there’s no doubt that this year we’ll choose the best candidate for our school.

Sunaina: Anyway, let’s go to our class. If we continue discussing this topic, we might be late.

Mani Pratap: Really. We’re supposed to be on time

A dialogue between mother to maternal uncle who is planning to go abroad

2021-08-29T08:30:00.013+05:45

Suppose your maternal uncle is planning to go abroad. Your mother advises him to follow a few dos and don’ts. Prepare a dialogue between your mother and maternal uncle using the given hints. You can add your own points if you like.

better income, better and secured future, risk of fatal diseases, skillful manpower is highly paid, knowledge of different languages is beneficial, must go legally, get right information from the government offices, get help from the helpline

Hridaya : Sister, I'm planning to go abroad.

Bimala: Why do you want to go?

Hridaya : I've heard that there are many job opportunities. I can get a good job, make a good income and, of course, have a better and secure future.

Bimala : Well, when you go abroad, you should take care of several things.

Hridaya : I know. I have to be careful.

Bimala: I have heard that many people who have gone abroad have returned with fatal diseases.

Hridaya : Yes, people who live carefree lives, and those who do not take care of their health contract to such diseases. But you need not worry. I am not a careless person.

Bimala: I have heard that a person who is skilful and can speak different languages is highly paid there.

Hridaya : Yes! You have heard right. I have planned to join a language institute to learn Japanese and Korean languages.

Bimala: Okay, if you have already decided to go. I won‟t stop you, but you must go legally.

Hridaya: I will not go illegally. I will get the necessary information from the government offices, and also get help from the helpline.

Bimala : Better do that. My good wishes will always be with you.

Hridaya : Thank you di!

Unit 19 | Interpreting Graphs, Charts and Diagrams | Class 10 English Exercise

2021-08-27T22:11:00.033+05:45

Class 10 English Unit 19 Interpreting Graphs, Charts and Diagrams Exercise

{tocify} $title={Table of Contents}

1. Vocabulary in use

Find the synonyms of the following words from the text.

portrays - reveals/depicts

discloses - reveals

escalated - increased

precisely - exactly

tendency - trend

stable - constant

2. Reading comprehension

i. Choose the best alternative to complete the following sentences.

a. The number of the students in the school was the same in all years

i. changed rapidly

ii. changed only in few years

iii. was the same in all years

b. The ratio of the boys and the girls in 2015 was 6:5.

i. 6:5

ii. 5:6

iii. 0.83%

c. The number of girls increased more than the number of boys that decreased.

i. as much as the number of boys that decreased

ii. less than the decreased number of boys

iii. more than the number of boys that decreased

d. The data presented in the bar chart surprises us because the total figure of the students did not change.

i. the number of boys decreased every year

ii. the number of girls increased every year

iii. the total figure of the students did not change

ii. Study the bar chart, and answer these questions.

a. What kinds of data are presented in the above bar diagram?

Ans: The number of the boys and the girls enrolled to a public school in Ilam each year between the years 2011 and 2015 is presented in the given bar diagram.

b. How many girls were studying in 2015?

Ans: Six hundred girls were studying in the school in the year 2015.

c. What was the number of boys that decreased every year?

Ans: The number of boys that decreased every year was one hundred.

d. What percentage of boys decreased over a period of five years?

Ans: About 17 % of boys decreased over a period of five years.

e. What might be the reason behind the decreased number of boys and increased number of girls?

Ans: The increasing population of girls and awareness of women education might be the reason behind the decreased number of boys and increased number of girls.

Reading II

1. Vocabulary in use

Some of the phrases used in the above text to describe the pie chart are given below. Read them carefully, and find out other similar expressions that can be used for describing the pie chart.

The above pie chart displays - The pie chart clearly shows

According to the pie chart - As seen in the chart

The pie chart clearly shows that – The pie chart elucidates

As seen in the chart - According to the pie chart

2. Reading comprehension

i. Study the table and the pie chart, and indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

a. The pie chart presents the data of all the subjects of the SLC examinees. False

b. According to the pie chart, the majority of total examinees scored the grade A in the exam. False

c. The least number of students belonged to the group that obtained B. False

d. The highest number of students scored D + grade. False

e. Among the total students appeared in the exam, only 8.08 per cent scored the grade B. True

ii. Study the table and the pie chart again, and answer these questions.

a. How many students appeared in the SLC examination in the year 2072-073?

Ans: 436983 students appeared in the SLC examination in the year 2072-073.

b. What is the percentage of students who scored grade C+?

Ans: 7.31 % of students who scored grade C+.

c. Which grade was scored by the majority of the students?

Ans: Grade D was scored by the majority of the students.

d. What is the total number of students who achieved the grade D+?

Ans: 71125 is the total number of students achieved the grade D+.

e. Is the achievement level of the students in the SLC examination satisfactory? Why? Why not?

Ans: No, it is not that satisfactory because more than 50% of the students have scored D+ which is partially acceptable, D which is insufficient or E which is very insufficient.

C. Follow–up activities

1. Work in a small group, and fill in the gaps with the word(s) or phrase(s) in the box below to make the instruction of making rice pudding meaningful.

As soon as When Then Finally First After that process As

Here is a process for making rice pudding. First of all pour a litre of milk in a heavy bottom saucepan and boil it. As soon as it boils, take out half of the milk from the pan.

Then mix a cup of rice and stir it with a dipper for 15 minutes on a low flame. As it becomes soft, add the remaining milk and stir it for sometimes. After that processadd half a cup of sugar and stir it. When it looks very soft, add half a spoon of cinnamon powder, 20 grams of grated dry coconut, 20 grams of raisins and 20 grams of fresh ghee. Stir it for a minute. Now your rice pudding is ready, finallyserve it on a flat plate and have it

Grammar

A. Engage yourself

Look at the following sentences, and observe how the connectives are used.

a. Manisha didn't go to school because of headache. (Reason)

b. She helped the needy ones in spite of her poverty. (Contrastive)

c. Unless you work very hard, you cannot achieve the desired success. (Condition)

d.In order to be an engineer, my sister, practises mathematics more at school. (Purpose)

e. She went to the beauty parlour so that she could get her hair cut. (Purpose)

f. While I was walking on the bank of a river, I saw a crocodile floating in the river. (Time)

g. She grows a lot of rice but my brother doesn't. (Contrastive)

h. I enjoyed the weekend despite my busy schedule. (Contrastive)

B. Time for grammar

1. Rewrite the following sentences using the appropriate connectives in the box.

in order to so that as long as before after

although whenever despite though as soon as

a. Namita didn't get good marks in the exam though she had studied well.

b. She goes to the river in order tofetch water.

c. They went to Ilam so thatthey could enjoy observing the tea garden.

d. Mallik has topped the list despitehis negligence.

e. Althoughmy uncle is rich, he never buys expensive clothes.

f. Wheneveryou are free, you can come.

g. You can stay with me as long asyou want.

h. They will come as soon asthey listen to the news.

i. He had been to Jhapa after he passed Master of Business Study.

j. The passengers tied their seat belts beforethe plane took off

2. Read the following text, and fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.

Overall First in which Following this which Finally next

Here is the process that explains the ways in which bricks are made for the building industry. Overall, there are seven stages in the process, beginning with the digging up of clay and culminating in the final product. First, the clay which is used to make the bricks is dug up from the ground by a large digger. This clay is then placed onto a metal grid, which is used to break up the clay into smaller pieces. A roller assists in this process. Following this, sand and water are added to the clay, and this mixture is turned into bricks by either placing it into a mould or using a wire cutter.

Next, these bricks are placed in an oven to dry for 24-48 hours. In the subsequent stage, the bricks go through a heating and cooling process. They are heated in a kiln at a moderate and then a high temperature, followed by a cooling process in a chamber for 2-3 days. Finally, the bricks are packed and delivered to their destinations.

C. Follow-up activity

Make sensible sentences of your own using the following connectives.

however: He has the window open, however it is cold outside.

although : Although he is rich, he never spends money to buy good clothes for him.

because of: Because of the Taliban, Afghani citizens are suffering.

despite : He passed the test with good marks despite his negligence in studies.

while : While I was cleaning the room, I found a thousand rupee note

until: Let‟s wait until the rain stops.

so that : People tame domestic animals so that they can make money.

[Download PDF] Class 10 Nepali Book PDF

2021-08-27T17:23:00.018+05:45

If you are searching for Class 10 Nepali Book 2078 PDF for free download then you are at the right place. This book is solely published by Janak Publication Under Curriculum Development Centre(CDC) of Nepal and we do not have any rights to it. You are recommended to buy a physical copy of the book. This one is only for educational purposes.

Unit 18 | Habit Cultivation Exercise(Indicating Time and motions)| Class 10 English Exercise

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Class 10 English Unit 18 Indicating Time and Motions (Habit cultivation class 10 exercise)

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1. Vocabulary in use

i.Choose the best words from the box to complete each of these sentences.

determination traits inspiration integrity abstain

automatic

a. If you want to get success, you need to have your own determination

b. If you are motivated to do something after reading a book, the book has been your inspiration

c. What are the traits of a good teacher?

d. You don’t need to wind an automaticwatch while using.

e. Honesty and integrityare the results of both our belief system and practice.

f. The doctor suggested that he had to abstainfrom alcohol.

2. Reading comprehension

i. Read the text, and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

a. We are born to have successful lives. True

b. Only practice makes a person perfect. False

c. We can cultivate habits in no time. False

d. We can acquire all valuable traits by constant and consistent training, both mental and physical. True

e. If we permit ourselves to tell a lie once, it is a lot easier to do it a second and a third time. True

f. Honesty and integrity are the result of both our belief system and practice. True

g. Habits form character. True

Question Answers of Habit Cultivation

ii. Read the text again, and answer these questions.

a. What comment do we often hear?

Ans: The comment we often hear is that someone is lucky and everything turns out to be good to him or unlucky and everything turns out to be bad to him.

b. How do some people become perfect in making mistakes?

Ans: Some people become perfect in making mistakes by repeating the mistakes so many times.

c. Do you consider yourself to be perfect? Why? Why not?

Ans: Yes, I consider myself to be perfect because I always try to avoid making mistakes and repeating them.

d. What are the valuable traits that human beings have to possess?

Ans: The ability to show courage, showing self-restraint, being happy, trying to seek opportunity in the challenges, etc. are the valuable traits that human beings have to possess.

e. How can you form a habit?

Ans: We can form a habit by practising anything for a long time.

f. What type of habit have you decided to form after reading this text?

Ans: I have decided to think positively and remove all bad behaviours after reading this text.

C. Follow-up activity

Make a list of good habits and mention how a person can cultivate them.

List of good habits:

Fitness habits
Eating habits
Thinking habits
Emotional habits
Personal growth habits
Career habits
Learning habits
Self-confidence habits
Friendship habits, etc.

Ways to cultivate good habits:

Go for a walk every day.
Substitute one unhealthy food choice for a healthy food.
Substitute fruit for a high calorie, sugary dessert.
Remove your negative thoughts during the day.
Take up a mentally challenging hobby like crossword puzzles,Sudoku, or other brain games to keep your brain active.
Begin a practice of morning or evening meditation, prayer, or contemplation, starting with just five minutes a day.
Create the habit of spending time in nature every day and mindfully appreciating the beauty around you.
Read or watch something that makes you laugh out loud every day.
Practice open and honest communication rather than passive-aggressive behaviors or words.

Write a vision for who you want to be and how you want to live, and take one action a day to make the vision real.

Commit to thirty days – Three to four weeks is all the time you need to make a habit automatic.
Make it daily – Consistency is critical if you want to make a habit stick.
Start simple – Don’t try to completely change your life in one day
Stay consistent – The more consistent your habit the easier it will be to stick.
Find someone who will go along with you and keep you motivated if you feel like quitting.
Spend more time with people who model the habits you want
Familiarize yourself with the benefits of making a change
Tool your habits towards your goals and the things that motivate you, etc.

Time for Grammar

1. Rewrite the following sentences by supplying the correct prepositions where necessary.

a. What are you doing atthe weekend?

b. There was a loud noise which woke us up atmidnight.

c. I went to Khotang (×)last Saturday.

d. I'll see you on Tuesday afternoon.

e. In my home town, the shops open early inthe morning.

f. The party is (×) next Saturday.

g. His daughter was born onthe 24th of August.

h. Luckily the weather was perfect onher wedding day.

i. We get plenty of snow here inthe winter.

j. I stayed with them forthree weeks.

k. The students study in the library untilit closes.

l. It has been raining sincemorning.

2. Complete the following paragraph by choosing the appropriate prepositions from the box below.

round During to of by at for within in

from behind through From

Hi everyone! I'm David and I live in Munich. During, summer I like to travel to Italy, because of the weather and the people there. Last summer I took a plane from Munich to Rome. From the airport, we went to our hotel by bus. We stopped at a small restaurant for a quick meal. The driver parked the bus behind the restaurant. Nobody could find the bus and the driver, so we waited in the restaurant for one hour. The driver was walking through the small park by the restaurant which we did not know. So we were very angry with him. However, my holidays were great. We sat round campfires and went dancing till the early.

[Download PDF] United Speedy Optional Maths Class 10

2021-08-26T20:30:00.010+05:45

If you are searching for Class 10 United Speedy Optional Maths book PDF for free download then you are at the right place. This book is solely published under the United Publication of Nepal and we do not have any rights to it. You are recommended to buy a physical copy of the book. This one is only for educational purposes.

[Download PDF]Speedy Maths Book Class 10 PDF

2021-08-26T19:15:00.011+05:45

If you are searching for Class 10 United Speedy Maths book PDF for free download then you are at the right place. This book is solely published under the United Publication of Nepal and we do not have any rights to it. You are recommended to buy a physical copy of the book. This one is only for educational purposes.

Also check: Class 10 Speedy Maths Solutions

Speedy Maths is an innovative and activity-oriented school level mathematics series. The series has incorporated applied constructivism – the latest trend of learner-centred teaching-learning pedagogy. Every chapter of the whole series is designed in such a manner that makes the classes constructive automatically. As a result, the learners actively participate in the learning processes. Furthermore, they are enabled to construct knowledge themselves rather than just receiving readymade information from their instructor. The teachers no more remain the traditionally imposing instructors. They would rather play the role of accessible facilitators and guides.

The series of Speedy Maths is a unique set of mathematics books as it is the fusion of mental and manual mathematical work and activities. In the series, following the appropriate approach ‘Mental operation and judgement’ based on the latest pedagogy of teaching/learning mathematics, mental mathematical problems are so designed as to achieve knowledge, understanding and skill-based learning objectives. Additionally, the mental maths section in every exercise of each book of the series enables the learners to enhance their instant computational skills. Likewise, manual mathematics fulfils the achievement of the overall learning objectives such as knowledge, understanding, skill and higher ability.

In each of the Speedy Maths’ exercises in grades 4 and 5 in primary level, and in lower secondary level, a classwork section is provided for the immediate diagnostic evaluation of the learners. The approach helps teachers to judge whether the learners are able to construct the fundamental concept in the related mathematical content or not. The problems in this section are designed to evaluate the achievement of knowledge and understanding based objectives. Furthermore, the problems in this section develop the computational skill of the learners.

Speedy Maths, in fact, has drawn remarkable impressions and inspiration from real teaching-learning situations, teachers’ training programmes, workshops, seminars and symposia. As a result, the series, I believe, has become lucid. So, learning mathematics is going to be joyful for students.

The series is completely revised according to the latest curriculum of mathematics, designed and developed by the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), the Government of Nepal.

Class 10 EPH Unit 10

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Class 10 EPH Unit 9

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Class 10 EPH Unit 8

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Class 10 EPH Unit 7

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Class 10 EPH Unit 6

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Class 10 EPH Unit 5

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Class 10 EPH Unit 4

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Class 10 EPH Unit 3

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Class 10 EPH Unit 2

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Rules of Conditional Sentences with examples

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What are conditional sentences?

Sentences containing conditional clauses like if, unless and provided are called conditional sentences. They are four types and express four types of meaning.

Rules of Conditional Sentences

(a) Type Zero: It always expresses real and possible situations.

• If + simple present: simple present (for scientific facts

If you put butter in the Sun, it melts.

If water is boiled, it changes into water vapour.

• If + simple present: imperative

If you want to win, play fair.

Study hard, if you want to pass the exam.

(b) Type One: It expresses possible situations in the present or future.

• If + simple present: will/shall/can/may/must+ V1

I shall play baseball if I get the chance.

If you come here, I shall give you a chocolate.

If it rains, he won't come.

(c) Type Two: It expresses doubtful situation/hypothetical condition in the present or future.

• If + simple past: would/should/could/might + V1

If they worked hard, they would pass the exam.

If I were you, I would never accept the proposal.

If she were a bird, she would fly.

Note: 'Be' verb in if clause always becomes 'were'(only_in_conditional sentence type two)

(d) Type Three: It expresses regret / unfulfilled the situation in the past.

• + past perfect: would/should/could/might + have + V3

They would have missed the bus if they had not left home in time.

If you had given me a book, I would have completed the task.

He would have helped you if you had asked him.

(e) Unless: if not 'Unless' has a similar structure like 'if' but it gives negative/situational meaning.

Unless you study hard, you won't pass (will fail) the exam.

Unless you complete your master's degree, you can't be a good teacher.

She wouldn't learn much unless she worked harder.

(f) Provided that: if 'Provided that' functions like 'if'

Provided that you were a teacher, what would you do?

Provided that I were you, I would behave well.

Direct and Indirect Speech

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Rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech

The words of a speaker can be reported in two ways: We can quote the actual words of the speaker. This is called Direct Speech. We can use inverted commas With suitable reporting verbs (say, tell, ask, report, order, advice etc.) to quote the actual words spoken by the speaker.

He said, "I am at college."

She said, "I will call you this afternoon."

They said to me, "Will you meet us tomorrow?"

They said, "Please, stand up." We often report what somebody said without giving their exact words.

This is called Indirect Speech. We do not use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be the actual words of the speaker.

He said that he was at college.

She said that she would call me that afternoon.

They asked me if I would meet them the following day.

They requested me to stand up.

How to change direct speech to indirect speech?

Tense Change:

If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense in reported speech changes as follows:

Simple present: Simple past

Present continuous: Past continuous

Present perfect: Past perfect

Present perfect continuous: Past perfect continuous

Simple past: Past perfect

Past continuous: Past perfect continuous

will: would

shall: should

can: could

may: might

had: had had

must: had to

B. Pronoun Change:

Pronoun changes according to SON formula.

First Person	Second Person	Third Person
Subject	Object	No change

• Hence first person (I, We) changes according to the subject of the reporting verb.

• Second person (You) changes according to the object of the reporting verb.

• Third person (He, She, It, They) does not change.

Person Chart:

Change the person of pronoun as given in the following chart.

Persons	Subject	Object	Possessive		Reflexive form
Persons	Subject	Object	P1	P2	Reflexive form
1st	I	me	my	mine	myself
1st	We	us	our	ours	ourself
2nd	You	you	your	yours	yourself, yourselves
3rd	He	him	his	his	himself
	She	her	her	hers	herself
	It	It	it	its	itself
	They	them	their	theirs	themselves

Adverbial Change: Change the adverb as shown in the chart.

Direct	Indirect
now/just	then
today/tonight	that day/ that night
this	that
these	those
here/hence	there/thence
Jamesorrow	the following day/ the day after
yesterday	the previous day/the day before
last..	the previous..
ago	before
next..	the following..
thus	so

Rules to convert direct to indirect speech in different forms of sentences:

(i) Direct to indirect rules for Assertive Sentence:

said to changes into told.

She said, "I have been smoking too much.

She said that she had been smoking too much.

She said to me, "I'll spend all the money next month."

She told me that she would spend all the money the following month.

She said to me, "I can't come with you."

She told me that she couldn't come with me.

Daya said, "I arrived yesterday."

Daya said that he had arrived the day before.

(ii)Direct to indirect rules for Imperative Sentence:

• 'said to' changes into 'told' if it is order/command and 'requested/asked' if it is request.

• 'said' changes into 'told' if it is order/command and 'requested/asked' if it is request by adding your own object.

• ,"......" is omitted and 'to' for affirmative and 'not to' for negative is used.

• Request words (kindly, please, will you, would you) will be omitted. • Tense does not change.

The teacher said to the students, "Stand up."

The teacher told/ ordered the students to stand up.

He said to me, "Please, wait for me."

He asked/ requested me to wait for him.

He said to them, "Don't make a noise."

He told them not to make a noise./He forbade them to make a noise.

"Don't smoke cigarette." said the teacher.

The teacher forbade us to smoke cigarettes.

(iii)Direct to indirect rules for Interrogative Sentence:

'said to' changes into 'asked'.

'said' changes into 'asked' by adding your own object.

,".. ..... " is omitted and 'if/whether' for yes/no question and 'wh-word' for wh-question are used.

• Question form changes into statement form.

James said to him, "Are you tired?"

James asked him if/ whether he was tired.

Tom said to me, "Do you like sugar in your tea?"

Tom asked me if I liked sugar in my tea.

Max said, "Where are you going for your holiday, James?"

Max asked James where she was going for her holiday.

He said to me, "When will you return from Pokhara?"

He asked me when I would return back from Pokhara.

(iv) Direct to indirect rules for Optative Sentence:

• 'said to' changes into 'wished/blessed/prayed/cursed'.

• 'said' changes into 'wished/blessed/prayed/cursed'.

•,"......" is omitted and 'that' is used.

• Full stop is used in place of an exclamation mark.

John said to his friend, "May you be victorious!"

John wished his friend that he might be victorious.

He said, "May God save us!"

He prayed that God might save them.

Father said to me, "May you pass the exam!"

Father blessed me that I might pass the exam.

He said to me, "May you die!"

He cursed me that I might die.

(v) Direct to indirect rules for Exclamatory Sentence:

• 'said to' changes into 'exclaimed with joy/exclaimed with sorrow/exclaimed with surprise/exclaimed with contempt.

▪ 'said' changes into 'exclaimed with joy/exclaimed with sorrow/exclaimed with surprise/exclaimed with contempt. is omitted and 'that' is used.

▪ Full stop is used in place of an exclamation mark.

• Before adjective 'very' is used and before noun 'great' is used.

He said, "Alas! My friend has died"

He exclaimed with sorrow that his friend had died.

They said, "What a beautiful girl she is!"

They exclaimed with surprise that she was a very beautiful girl.

James said, "What a fool I am!"

James exclaimed with surprise that he was a great fool.

Note: Hurrah! expresses joy; Alas! expresses sorrow/grief; What!, Oh!, How! express surprise.

Some Specific Rules:

(a) If the reporting verb is in the present /future tense, the verb in the reported speech does not change:

He says, "It's sunny day today"

He says that it is sunny day today.

She will say, "I will teach James tomorrow"

She will say that she will teach James tomorrow.

Note: The adverbial also do not change when the reporting verb is in present or future tense.')

(b) If the reported statement expresses habits, truths and scientific facts, the tense in reported speech doesn't change:

She said, "The Earth revolves around the Sun"

She said that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

He said, "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."

He said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

(c) Sentences with 'LET': (i) 'Let us' changes into 'purposed/ suggested that.....should'

He said, "Let us go to watch a film."

He purposed that they should go to watch a film.

(ii) 'Let without us' changes into 'ordered/ requested to let.....'

He said, "Let me go"

He requested to let him go

(iii) 'Let assumption' changes into 'assumed that..... might be'

The teacher said, "Let ABC be the angle 900."

The teacher assumed that ABC might be an angle of 90°.

(d) For tag question, we have to use the rule of an interrogative sentence:

He said to me, "You are a student, aren't you?"

He asked me whether I was a student.

I said to him, "She wrote this essay, didn't she?"

I wanted to know if she had written that essay.

(e) 'Sir/ Madam' will be replaced with 'respectfully' and we have to change the Sent according to their types: e-- aces

James said to the principal, "Sir, can I get holiday for tomorrow?"

James asked the principal respectfully if he could get holiday the day after.

(f) For 'kindly' and emphatic 'do, we have to use the rule of imperative sentences as they are request word:

She said to me, "Do come to the party."

She requested me to come to the party.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense - Structure and Uses

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Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Affirmative	subject+shall/will+have been+V4+object	James will have been eating rice.
Negative	subject+ shall/will +not+have been +V4+object	James will not have been eating rice.
Interrogative	Will/Shall +subject+ have been +V 4+object? Wh+will/shall+subject+ have been +V4+object?	Will James have been eating rice? What will James have been eating?
Passive	No Passive	No Passive

a) We use the future perfect continuous tense to show that something will continue until a particular event or time in the future:

ü By 2025, she will be living in Canada for ten years.

ü By the time you return, I will be waiting for you here for 3 days.

ü When he finally reaches Washington, James will have been driving for 10 hours.

ü In two weeks, they will have been working for a year.

Note: It often occurs with 'By/Before + future time' and 'for + period of time' or 'in + period of time.

Future Perfect Tense - Structure and Uses

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Future Perfect Tense

Affirmative	subject+will have/shall have+V3+object	James will have eaten rice.
Negative	subject+ will not have/shall not have +V3+object	James will not have eaten rice.
Interrogative	Will/Shall+subject+ have+V3+object? Wh+will/shall +subject+have+V3+object?	Will James have eaten rice? What will James have eaten?
Passive	object + will have/shall have+been+V3+ by + subject	Rice will have been eaten by James.

The Future Perfect is used:

(a) To express the idea that something will occur before another action in the future:

ü By six o'clock, the sun will have set.

ü By the time we arrive, everyone will have gone.

ü By the time we will meet again, I will have left America.

ü They will have completed the project before the deadline.

(b)Adverbs of time: It often occurs with 'before+ future time (tomorrow, then, next week, the end of this month, year etc.) or time clause.

ü By the time, she returns I will have completed my project work.

ü When he calls, I will have left home.

ü By 2050, doctors will have found the cure for cancer.

Future Continuous Tense - Structure and Uses

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Structure of Future Continuous Tense

Affirmative	subject+will be/shall be +V4+object	James will be eating rice.
Negative	subject+will not be/shall not be +V4+object	James will not be eating rice.
Interrogative	Will/Shall+subject+Vi+object? Wh+will/shall+subject+VI+object?	Will James be eating rice? What will James be eating?
Passive	No Passive	No Passive

The Future Continuous is used:

(a) Long-term activities in the future or ongoing action at a certain place:

ü I will be watching TV when he arrives tonight.

ü He will be probably sleeping when you return.

ü She will be working in London this time next year.

ü At 2 pm tomorrow, I will be performing a song on the stage.

(b) For an action going on at some time in future:

I shall be reading the paper then.

(c) For future events that are planned:

He will be meeting us next week.

Simple Future Tense - Structure and Use

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Structure of Simple Future Tense

Affirmative	subject + will/shall +V1+object	James will eat rice.
Negative	subject + will/shall+ not +VI+object	James will not eat rice.
Interrogative	Will/Shall+subject+Vi+object? Wh+will/shall+subject+VI+object?	Will James eat rice? What will James eat?
Passive	object + will /shall +be+V3+ by + subject	Rice will be eaten by James.

The Simple Future is used:

(a) To talk about our hopes, expectations, intentions, predictions and forecasts:

ü You'll enjoy the movie. I am sure you'll.

ü They will find a place worth visiting.

ü I hope it won't rain.

ü I'm fired. I think I will take a rest.

(b) For an action that has still to take place:

ü I shall see you tomorrow.

ü She will do her homework.

Note: It often occurs with adverbs like: soon, tomorrow, tonight, shortly, next + time (day/week/month/year) etc.

(c) The simple future tense often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntary:

ü Will, you make dinner?

ü I am really hungry.

ü I will make some sandwiches.

ü I will send you the information when I get it.

ü Look, here's a bookstall. I will buy some books for my brother.

(d) 'Will' for expressing promising, offering and requesting:

ü I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.

ü I won't tell anyone about your secret.

ü Will you buy me an ice cream?

ü I will call you when I arrive.

(e) Adverbs of time (tomorrow, in a few days, next week, in 2021, soon, tonight)

ü Soniya will go to Japan next year.

ü It will be dark soon.

ü He will not tell her about it.

ü They won't be able to help her tonight.

(f) Conditional sentence type first:

ü Unless you work hard, you'll not pass the exam.

ü If he comes, I shall give him a chocolate.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense - Structure and Uses

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Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Affirmative	subject + had been+V4+object	James had been eating rice.
Negative	subject + had not been +V4+object	James had not been eating rice.
Interrogative	Had +subject+ been+V4+object? Wh + had + subject+ been+W+object?	Had James been eating rice? What had James been eating?
Passive	No passive	No passive

The Past Perfect Continuous tense is used:

(a)For an action that started in the past and continued up until another time in the past:

ü How long have you been waiting to get on the bus?

ü She had been working in a hospital before she found a new job.

ü She had been frying some onions when she burnt her finger.

(b)Before another action in the past to show the effect and cause:

ü Bhim gained weight because he had been Overeating.

ü Jim failed the final test because she had not been attending class.

But,

as soon as + past tense is used for the reaction:

ü As Soon as I opened the door I saw my aunt.

ü As soon as he peeled the banana, he ate it.

(c) as soon as + past perfect tense is used for two action:

• As soon as I had finished my homework, I left for college.

• As soon as my mother had cooked food, she set the table.

(d) Past tense with 'before' or 'after'

1st action [had+V3]	before	2nd action [V2]
2nd action [V2]	after	1st action [had+V3]

ü Laxmi came home after she had left college.

ü I had gone college before it started raining.

Past Perfect Tense - Structure and Uses

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Structure of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Affirmative	subject+had+V3+object	James had eaten rice.
Negative	subject+ had not +V3+object	James had not eaten rice.
Interrogative	Had+subject+V3+object? Wh + had +subject+V3+object?	Had James eaten rice? What had James eaten?
Passive	object + had+been+V3+ by + subject	Rice had been eaten by James.

The Past Perfect is used:

To express the idea that something occurred before another action in the past:

ü After I had got a new job, I left the previous one.

ü I noticed that Elizabeth had left her book behind.

ü The police found out who had stolen the bike.

ü I had only just put the phone when it rang again.

ü Laxmi came home after she had left college.

Note: When two actions simultaneously happened in the past, simple past is used for the 2nd action and the past perfect is used for the 1st action.

Past Continuous Tense - Structure and Uses

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Past Continuous Tense:

Affirmative	subject + was/were +V4+object	James was eating rice.
Negative	subject + was/ were+ not +V4+object	James was not eating rice.
Interrogative	Was/Were+subject+V4+object? Wh+was/were+subject+V4+object?	Was James eating rice? What was James eating?
Passive	object + was/were +being+V3+ by + subject	Rice was being eaten by James.

Past Continuous Tense is used:

(a) What was happening at a particular time in the past:

ü Yesterday at this time, I was sitting in the park.

ü What were you doing when the doorbell rang?

ü We were watching TV at 3 o'clock yesterday.

ü This time yesterday, I was reading a book.

(b) Description and background to an event in the past:

ü When he got home, his sister was watching TV.

ü I was eating dinner when there was a knock at the door.

(c) Interrupted action in the past:

ü I was watching TV when she called.

ü I was just joking when I said that.

ü John was waiting for us when we got off the plane.

ü While we were having a picnic it started to rain.

(d) Two actions in the same sentence that expresses the idea that both actions at the same time. The actions are parallel:

ü While I was reading, she was watching television.

ü Were you listening while she was talking?

ü What were you doing while you were waiting?

(e) It is used 'all + past time':

ü They were watching a movie all last Sunday.

ü It was raining all day yesterday.

Note: It often occurs with all day yesterday, all last night/ Sunday /week/month /year etc.

(f) With while clause (before circumstances)

He fell down while he was painting the ceiling

While I was writing on the board, the marker fell down.

Simple Past Tense - Structure and Uses

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Structure of Simple Past Tense

Affirmative	subject + V2 + object	James ate rice.
Negative	subject + did not +VI+object	James did not eat rice.
Interrogative	Did+subject+V1+object? Wh+did+subject+V'+object?	Did James eat rice? What did James eat?
Passive	object + was/ were+V3+ by + subject	Rice was eaten by James.

The Simple Past is used:

(a) To denote completed/finished event or situation with a past time reference:

ü Anita met me an hour before.

ü I didn't see a play yesterday.

ü Who invented the telescope?

ü Long ago there lived a king.

ü The steamer sailed yesterday.

ü Mukesh left college last year.

(b) To express past facts or generalizations or situations which are no longer true:

ü I studied English when I was a child.

ü Deepa worked at a restaurant after college.

ü They never wore shorts; they wore pants.

ü Did you play musical instruments when you were a child?

(c) A series of completed actions in the past:

ü He wrote a letter, put it in the envelope, put a stamp on it and posted it.

ü She got off at the bus stop, called her friend and went with her to the hotel.

(d)Duration of any completed action which starts and stops in the past:

ü We talked on the phone for 30 minutes.

ü I waited for Anjali for two hours.

ü Olivia studied French for three years.

(e)With adverbs of time: yesterday, ago, last week, last night, last, month, just now, in the past

ü It happened many years ago.

ü Columbus discovered America in 1492.

ü Atul came back last week.

ü Dorje left two hours ago.

(f) With when clause (before the event):

ü When he fell down, he was painting the ceiling.

ü I was writing on the board when the marker fell down.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense - Structure and Uses

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Structure of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Affirmative	subject + has been/ have been+V4 +object	James has been eating rice.
Negative	subject + has not been/have not been +V4+object	James has not been eating rice.
Interrogative	Has/Have + subject+ been+V4 +object? Wh + has/have + subject+ been+V4 +object?	Has James been eating rice? What has James been eating?
Passive	No Passive

The Present Perfect Continuous is used:

(a) For an action that began at some time in the past and is still continuing:

ü John has been working on this project since May.

ü How long has he been shopping in the bus park?

ü They have been singing since 5 o'clock.

ü She has been telephoning me all this afternoon.

(b) With lately, so far, by now, since, for:

ü He has been living here for three weeks.

ü They have been working hard lately.

ü What have you been doing recently?

Note: It often occurs, with 'since + point of time,' for +period of time'.

Present Perfect Tense - Structure and Uses

2021-08-21T15:06:00.007+05:45

Structure of Present Perfect Tense

Affirmative	subject + has/ have+V3+object	James has eaten rice.
Negative	subject + has not/have not +V3+object	James has not eaten rice.
Interrogative	Has/Have+subject+V3+object? Wh+has/have+subject+V3+object?	Has James eaten rice? What has James eaten?
Passive	object + has/have+been+V3+ by + subject	Rice has been eaten by James.

The Present Perfect tense is used for:

(a)Changes that have happened over a period of time:

ü He has grown a lot since I met last time.

ü My English has really improved since I moved to the US.

(b) To denote recent past actions which have results in the present:

ü She has lost her purse.

ü She does not have a bus fare.

ü Ravi looks upset.

ü He has failed the examination.

(c) With 'since + point of time' or 'for + period of time' to denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment:

ü They have played music for three hours.

ü James has been in work since last year.

ü We haven't appeared exam for a month.

(d) To express experiences:

ü I have been to America.

ü She has met a lion.

ü He has never travelled by plane.

(e) To express accomplishments without mentioning the time:

ü Man has walked on the moon.

ü My daughter has learnt how to swim.

(f) With adverbs (already, recently, ever, lately, never, yet, today, just, so far, many times, before, once)

ü We have already published the news.

ü Have you ever read that book?

ü I have known her for a year by now.

ü I haven't sent her an e-mail yet.

ü I have never seen a lion.

ü He has failed his driving test once.

Present Continuous Tense - Structure and Uses

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Structure of Simple Present Continuous Tense

Affirmative	subject + is/am/are + V4+object	James is eating rice.
Negative	subject + is /am/ are + not +V4+object	James is not eating rice.
Interrogative	Is/Am/Are+subject + V4+object? Wh+is/am/are + subject + V4+ object?	Is James eating rice? What is James eating?
Passive	object + is/am/ are + being+V3+ by + subject	Rice is being eaten by James.

The Present Continuous tenseis used:

(a) To express things happening now/at the moment:

ü What are you doing now?

ü The boys are reading in the class.

ü I am working on a new project.

ü They are not standing in a queue.

(b) To express future planned arrangements:

ü They are arriving Jamesorrow.

ü I am going to give an interview on June 20.

ü Is he visiting his parents next week?

(c) Expressions like: Stop, Listen, Look, Don't make a noise, Don't disturb which draw attention:

ü Look! The bus is coming.

ü Listen! The dog is barking.

ü Don't disturb me. I'm reading.

(d) Gradual change:

ü The children are growing fast.

ü The price of land is rising rapidly.

(e) After but today / but now:

ü He always play tennis but today he is playing baseball.

ü I always drink tea but now I'm drinking coffee.

(f) In these adverbs of time: now, still, this week, this month, at present, currently , at the moment, at this time.

ü You are not swimming now.

ü I am resting at the moment.

ü They are reading at present.

Sushila's determination: Class 10 English Exercise

2021-08-20T10:13:00.020+05:45

Sushila's determination Class 10 Exercise and Question Answers Solved

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Vocabularies in use

Find the words from the drama which have the meanings given below.

a. feeling fear and uncertainty: anxiety

b. catching the breath in surprise: gasping

c. thoughtfulness (for the feelings of other): consideration

d. lucky: fortunate

e. chart showing the position of the stars at birth, used for fortune-telling: horoscope

2, Reading comprehension

i. Read the drama again and tick () the best answer.

a. Sushila’s parents are concerned about her marriage.

b. Sushila wants to be: a nurse.

c. Sushila seems as she was brought up in an overseas country.

d. According to Sushila, who is lucky? Mrs Ojha

e. At the end, Sushila’s parents decided to: let her join the nursing course.

Sushila's determination question answer

ii. Read the drama again, and answer the following questions.

a. Why don’t Sushila’s parents want to send her to university?

Ans: Sushila's parents don't want to send Sushila to a university because they could not afford her fees.

b. Was her parents’ marriage a love marriage? How do you know?

Ans: No, her parent's marriage was not a love marriage, it was an arranged marriage. Her mother had not met her father before her marriage. She didn't even know his name.

c. Why does Sushila say that her mother was ‘lucky’?

Ans: Sushila says that her mother was lucky to have a caring and loving husband like her father.

d. What’s Sushila’s suggestion about money to pay for her studies?

Ans: She suggests that instead of saving money for her marriage, they should spend it on her education

e. If you were Sushila’s parents, what would you do?

Ans: If I were Sushila's father, I would spend on education rather than on marriage.

Pretend that you are Sushila. Write a letter to one of your friends describing how you were able to persuade your parents to allow you to go to university.

You can start as follows:

Dear Nisha,

I am very happy today and want to share my happiness with you. My parents have agreed to let me go to university but it was not easy. Actually, they wanted me to get married.

A letter to persuade parents to go to university

Sanothimi, Bhaktapur

25th April 2017

Dear Nisha,

I am very happy today and want to share my happiness with you. My parents have agreed to let me go to university, but it was not easy. Actually, they wanted me to get married.

They had already looked for a boy for getting me married. I was quite upset to know this.

As you know I wanted to stand on my own feet before marriage by becoming a qualified nurse. I told this to my parents. They didn't like my idea at first. They told me that they cannot afford for my further studies. But I managed to convince them by telling them to spend the money required for my marriage on my education so that I can secure my future. They got convinced and agreed to let me join the nursing course. Today my happiness knows no boundaries!

Hope you are doing fine.

Do be in touch!

Your friend,

Sushila

B. Time for grammar

Complete the following dialogues with the correct expressions that indicate agreeing or disagreeing.

a. Jack: Julia, what do you think about the new classroom?

Julia: For me, the classroom is quite good. It has enough space for us to move around.

John: I don't agree with that./I don’t agree!/I totally disagree! The furniture is not well managed. Moreover, there is no sufficient light.

b. Dipa: Hey, Look at my new T-shirt. It's quite suitable for me, isn't it?

Uddhav: Yeah, That’s right!/You're right. It is quite beautiful. You look really smart in it.

c. Silpa: I think we should cancel the whole project right now.

Monika: I don't think that's correct. I think cancelling the project is not good for our organisation.

d. Simran: Kiran, what do you think about the new constitution?

Kiran: I think it's quite good. It is the constitution made by the people.

Simran: You're right. It declares ending all forms of discrimination and oppression created by the feudal, autocratic, centralised and unitary system of government in the past.

Share your views with friends on "The government should pay for everybody's education".

"The government should pay for everybody's education."

Agreeing: Yes, you're right. The government should make education free up to the secondary level because this will uplift the literacy rate of the country.

Disagreeing: I don't agree with that. The government should charge a nominal amount from the people with good economic status as this will lessen the economic burden of the government to some extent.

Write a conversation between you and your friends about your holiday plans.

A dialogue between friends about holiday plans.

A: Hello, How are you?

B: Fine. And you?

A: Quite good. Is there anything new?

B: Yes. I have planned to go on a holiday for this week.

A: Oh really! Where do you want to go?

B: I would like to go to Illam. Have you been there?

A: Yes, I have. It's a beautiful place, full of natural beauty. You will definitely love it a

lot. Who are you going with?

B: I am going with my cousins who have come from the village.

A: Are you staying at a hotel or with relatives?

B: We will be staying with relatives.

A: Oh, that's good. How are you going there?

B: We have booked tickets for a night bus.

A: Great! These days there are comfortable buses for Ilam. Okay. Have a nice time with your cousins!

B: Thank you, Bye.

A: Bye.

Jitiya Festival : Class 10 English Exercise

2021-08-19T21:42:00.024+05:45

Jitiya Festival Class 10 Exercise and Question Answer Solved

1. Vocabulary in use.

i. Read the text above and find the synonyms of the following words from the text.

luck = fortune

harmony = good relationships

statues = idol

renowned = popular

poured = flow

Also check: Habit Cultivation Exercise Class 10 English

2.Reading comprehension

i. Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

a. All women and unmarried girls celebrate Jitiya festival. False

b. It is celebrated all over Nepal. False

c. Married women never go to Maiti to celebrate Jitiya festival. True

d. It is celebrated for three days. True

e. Even the eagle and the jackal are remembered and offered prasad by the devotees of Jitiya. False

f. Jimutavahana is a legendary deity. True

g. Singing and dancing do not play any role during the Jitiya festival. False

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Jitiya Festival question answer

ii. Read the text again, and answer these questions.

a. Why is Jitiya festival celebrated?

Ans: Jitiya festival is celebrated for the good fortune of the children, husband and family of the married women.

b. How long is this festival celebrated?

Ans: This festival is celebrated for three days.

c. What do married women do on the second day of celebration?

Ans: Married women fast the whole day, take bath and perform puja on the second day of celebration.

d. How and when do married women scrub their house?

Ans: On the first day of the celebration, married women scrub their house with cow dung to make their house sacred.

e. What is the relationship between Masabashi and the Sun?

Ans: Masabashi is the blessing son of the sun.

f. What do married women offer to Jimutavahana before they break their fast?

Ans: Married women offer some fruits, milk and curd to Jimutavahana before they break their fast.

g. How can the celebration of Jitiya promote harmony among people?

The celebration of the Jitiya festival promotes harmony by strengthening relationships between different ethnic groups.

C. Follow-up activity

Write in about 200 words about a festival of your own community.

The Saraswati Pooja

Introduction - celebration place - methods of celebrating - initiation of new work - conclusion

The Saraswati Pooja is one of the popular festivals in Nepal. It is especially celebrated by students, teachers and learners. It is celebrated by the devotees of Goddess Saraswati, who is regarded as the goddess of knowledge, wisdom and learning. Saraswati Pooja generally falls in Magh or Phalgun on the fifth day of the full moon. This day is also called Shreepanchami. On this day, academic institutions such as schools and colleges are decorated with idols and pictures of Goddess Saraswati. Students seem eager to manage the Saraswati Pooja. They even collect some money and buy necessary things such as the idol of Saraswati, various types of sweets, fruits and so on.

On the day of Saraswati Pooja, devotees bathe early in the morning. They do not eat nor drink anything until the Pooja is over. Some people worship her at their houses; some go to Saraswati temple to worship her. Students and teachers go to schools and colleges to worship her. At schools and colleges, special preparation is made. Everyone there worships Saraswati, and when the Pooja is over, Prasad (holy food) is distributed. Everyone takes it with great devotion. The idol of her and flowers are taken to sacred rivers or places to see her off ritually for one year. People believe that starting a new activity on the day of Saraswati Pooja leads to the success of the activity. On the day of Shreepanchami, people start teaching small children. Similarly, seeds of crops are sowed in the field to mark the beginning of farming. Thus the Saraswati Pooja is a symbolic day for starting a good deed in life.

B. Time for grammar

1. Rewrite the following sentences as in the example.

Example:

a. Tigers and elephants live in the forest. (rhino and deer)

Tigers and elephants live in the forest. So do rhinos and deer.

b. Devkota wasn’t a politician. (Parijat)

Devkota wasn’t a politician. Neither was Parijat.

a. Rina likes folk songs. (Kalika)

Rina likes folk songs. So does Kalika

b. Binda did not buy a watch yesterday. (my mother)

Binda did not buy a watch yesterday. Neither did my mother.

c. Harry will come next week. (my brother)

Harry will come next week. So will my brother.

d. We prepare delicious food. (Shiva)

We prepare delicious food. So does Shiva.

e. They never read English. (Santosh)

They never read English. Neither does Santosh.

f. Muslims don’t eat pork. (Jews)

Muslims don‟t eat pork. Neither do Jews.

g. Hindus don’t eat beef.

Hindus don‟t eat beef. Neither do I

h. We haven’t been to Ilam yet. (Nilam)

We haven't been to Ilam yet. Neither has Neelam.

Past and Present Poem Exercise | Class 10 English

2021-08-19T12:49:00.022+05:45

Past and Present Poem Exercise Class 10 Solved

1. Vocabulary in Use

Find the rhyming words for the following words from the poem:

Example: white – light

born: morn sun: morn

day: away set: yet

swing: wing high: sky

joy: boy

ii. Fill in the blank spaces with the appropriate form of the words in the boldface from the poem.

a. The tree on which the poet's brother used to set the laburnum is still there.

b. The sun used to peep in the poet's house in the morning through the little window of the house.

c. The poet used to think the air must rush as fresh to swallows on the wings.

d. The poet used to think the slendertops of the trees might touch the sky.

e. The poet said that his spiritused to fly in feathers then but now it’s so heavy.

iii. Match the words in column A with their meanings in B.

2.Reading comprehension.

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Past and Present Poem Question Answers Class 10

Read the poem again, and answer these questions.

a. Who composed this poem? (Past and Present poem)

Ans: Thomas Hood composed the poem.

b. What is the poem about? (Past and Present poem)

Ans: The poem is about the childhood memories and present events of the writer.

c. What does the poet remember in the first stanza? (Past and Present Poem)

Ans: The poet remembers the house where he was born and the window through which the sunlight entered the house in the first stanza.

d. What does he wish in the first stanza? (Past and Present poem)

Ans: He wishes if the night had borne his mouth away in the first stanza.

e. What does he remember in the second stanza? (Past and Present poem)

Ans: He remembers the roses, violets, lily cups, lilacs and laburnum in the second stanza.

f. How does the poet describe his childhood in the third stanza? (Past and Present poem)

Ans: The poet describes his childhood in the third stanza as being very happy and energetic.

g. Was the poet really closer to heaven when he was a child? Why does he think so?

Ans: Yes, the poet was really closer to heaven when he was a child. He thinks so because of his childhood ignorance.

ii. Fill in the gaps with suitable words or phrases from the box.

in the morning swing born cool spirit brother

present slender childhood joy

Summary of Past and Present poem Class 10

In the poem ‘Past and Present’, the poet initially portrays his childhood and the house where he was born. Those beautiful days when the sun rays came peeping through his window in the morning are still vivid in his memory. In the second stanza, he remembers the days of his childhood where he used to see and feel the beautiful colours of roses and lilies and lilacs. In the same way, he talks about the tree in which he and his brother used to set the laburnum on his brother’s birthday.

The third and fourth stanzas show the contrast experience of his past and present. He vividly remembers how he used to swing, enjoy the breeze and wind. In the same way, he was all energetic and high in spirit. But now, he does not have the energy to lift his spirit. The water in the pool was cool and pleasant but now it is not cool enough to cool his fever. Finally, he says how he used to think in the wildest manners about fir trees and their slender tops which could touch the sky. Now he misses the joy of his childhood and realizes that nothing is attainable.

Compare your present life with your childhood. Make notes of the main differences and present them to the classes.

My childhood days were filled with joy and happiness. I was the youngest member of my family, and I had the freedom to do whatever I wanted. I used to go to bed early and get up late. I used to cry loudly if I wasn't given the things I wanted. I used to watch cartoons a lot.

But now, everything has changed. I have to get up early, do homework, help my parents in their household chores and involve in different social activities. I read novels and watch sports on the television when I am free. My days at present are hectic and tiresome.

Discuss the table below with your friends, and match the activities in column A to the activities in column B.

Answer:

a. Now I play volleyball.

b. Now I sing modern songs.

c. Now I sleep alone.

d. Now I drink coffee.

e. Now I prepare the meal by myself.

f. Now I listen to music.

g. Now I put on school uniform.

h. Now I write stories myself.

Imagine you have been to the nearest city after 5 years. Now write at least ten changes you have noticed there.

I live at Shankarpokhari in Parbat. Last Saturday I went to Kusma. I found lots of changes there. There used to be small houses with thatched roofs, but now there are big concrete buildings. There were very few houses but now the city has become bigger. There are many houses. There used to be small streets around the small city but now they are widened and blacktopped. Very few people used to go to school, but now every child goes to school.

There used to be only one school in the city but there are many private schools around the city with boarding facilities. The hospital used to be of the poor facility but different modern types of equipment have been added and people get advanced health services nowadays. People had more leisure time, but now everyone seems to be busy. New plants have been grown making the city green. People used to throw garbage everywhere in the street, but now the streets are clean. People used to be familiar with each other since the city was small, but they are indifferent to each other now.

Wangden has been working as an interpreter in a trekking company for five years. He prepares a report on how the company has undergone change over time. Complete the report.

When I joined the office, there used to be only 20 staff. Now there are 50. The company used to have only one office here in Kathmandu, but there are 10 other branches in different districts now. Nearly 2,000 tourists used to come to the company annually, but now the number has exceeded to10,000 every year. The company used to hire many employees on a seasonal basis, but now most of the employees are made permanent. The company used to focus on business only, but now it has been involved in different social and altruistic activities to uplift common people's living standards. Now it has become one of the leading companies in the field of trekking service in Nepal

Follow up Activity

Recall the first day of your school. Tell your friends at least five exchanges as you have experienced.

: In the beginning days of my school, I used to be shy and nervous. But now I am frank and friendly to everyone. There used to be only three small buildings, but now there are two big buildings with many rooms. And the rooms are well furnished now. There did not use to be a playground, but now there is one. We used to play indoor games only, but now we play different indoor and outdoor games. There used to be very few teachers but there are sufficient teachers now. The teachers did not use to be familiar with modern technologies, but now they use multimedia and computers in teaching. There did not use to be a hostel, but now there is a hostel facility for those who want to stay.

Time for Writing

Do you remember your childhood days? Do you still have the same habits that you had in your childhood? Write an account of your childhood experience.

My Childhood Experience

As I was a member of a joint family, my desires were not fulfilled much. Thus I used to quarrel to make my dreams come true. Only during Dashain, my parents used to buy new clothes for me. During Dashain time, we used to wear new clothes and play swing for the whole day. We often used to go to Deusi and Bhailo in Tihar. My grandfather used to love me very much and my grandma used to tell good bedtime stories. Frequently, I used to sleep on the lap of my grandmother and my auntie used to bathe me. My mother used to help me do my homework but I used to be lazy to accomplish it without her help. Thus, I used to be punished very frequently. But I never used to tell lies. During that time, I did not play dust, marbles and other such games as many of my colleagues did. But my life has completely changed now. I have become a responsible person and care about my future. I cannot be indifferent to my duties and career as I was before.

Reunion of the Family Exercise Class 10 English

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Reunion of the family Class 10 Exercise

i. Read the story and collect the words/phrases in bold letters. Then write each bold word/phrase next to the correct meanings given below.

a. looking at something/somebody for a long time- staring

b. shouted- yelled

c. disappeared- vanished

d. died- passed away

e. attention- heed

f. held each other tightly- cuddled

g. afraid- scared

ii. Prepare a list of unfamiliar words from the story. Look up their meanings in the dictionary and use them in meaningful sentences of your own.

1. stressed: tense / too anxious and too tired to be able to relax - He was feeling

very stressed and tired.

2. squeezed: embraced/pressed someone tightly - Mother squeezed her little

daughter against her breast and smiled at her.

3. anxious: feeling worried - Parents are naturally anxious for their children.

4. caressing: patting/touching something/somebody gently - Mother was gently

caressing her child‟s cheek.

5. wrinkled: crumpled - I gently kissed my grandmother‟s wrinkled face.

6. fascinating: extremely charming/attractive - Our trip to Pokhara was absolute

fascinating.

7. innocent: not guilty / not have done something wrong - They have imprisoned

an innocent man.

8. envied: be jealous of - She has always envied my success.

9. quick-tempered: likely to become angry very quickly - Mr Doran is a quick-tempered man.

10. pay attention: listen- I always pay attention to the teacher when in class.

11. nuisance: annoyance/trouble - I don‟t want to be a nuisance so tell me if you

want to be alone.

12. gestured: signalled/motioned - The teacher gestured for the students to come in.

13. furious: violent/very angry - She was absolutely furious at having been

deceived

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Question answers of Reunion of the Family Class 10

i. Read the story again and answer these questions.

a) Who was leaving the house?

Ans: Pabitra was leaving the house.

b) How many members were there in Jayaram's family and who were they?

Ans: There were 5 members in his family. They were Jayaram himself; his mother, Pabitra; his wife, Junakiri; his son, Khanchuu and the housekeeper, Naani.

c) When did Dinesh's parents realise that their son was not happy at all?

Ans: Dinesh's parents realised that their son was not happy at all when their son did not show any interest in his surprise gift which was a tablet.

d) Do you have a housekeeper like Naani at your home? If yes, how do you behave towards her?

Ans: Yes, I do have a housekeeper at my home. I treat her like my family.

e) Why did Pabitra leave the house?

Ans: Pabitra left the house because she had an argument with her son and daughter in law.

f. Why were Naani, Jayaram and Junakiri's eyes filled with tears of happiness?

Ans: Naani, Jayaram and Junakiri's eyes were filled with tears of happiness because their son was very happy to see his grandmother at the house.

g) How was Dinesh able to unite his family?

Ans: Dinesh was able to unite his family by giving more importance to his old grandma than others.

h) What message did you get from this story?

Ans: I got the message to respect the elders from this story "Reunion of the family".

ii. Read the story, and put the following sentences in the correct order.

Answer: In correct Order

1. Dinesh asked his grandma where she was going.

2. Pabitra continued packing her things.

3. She would quickly change the topic and start talking about something else.

4. Jayaram congratulated his son for being second in the class.

5. There was a tablet on the table in his room.

6. Junakiri took a half-day leave from her office to welcome her mother-in-law at home.

7. As he talked about Kanchhu, she hurried to come home back.

The Chimney Sweeper Exercise: Class 10 English Notes

2021-08-18T18:33:00.029+05:45

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The Chimney Sweeper Exercise Class 10 Solved

1. Vocabulary in use

Find out the single words in boldfaced from the poem for the following definitions.

a. a pipe or structure through which smoke or steam is carried away from a fire furnace = chimney

b. black powder in the smoke of wood, coal = soot

c. make (a house, etc.) secure by locking the doors and windows = locked up

d. naked, uncovered = bare

e. box in which dead body is buried or cremated = coffins

f. a divine or supernatural messenger from deity =angel

The chimney sweepers questions and answers Class 10

1. Read the poem again, and answer these questions.

a. Who composed the poem?

Ans: William Blake composed the poem.

b. Why did the speaker cry?

Ans: The speaker cried because his mother died early, and his father sold him into a chimney sweeping business.

c. What does the expression 'That curled like a lamb, back' mean?

Ans: The expression "That curled like a lamb's back" means the curly fur of the lamb.

d. How did the angel open the black coffins?

Ans: The angel opened the black coffins by using a bright key to unlock them.

e. At what condition would Tom get joy?

Ans: Tom would get joy if he would be a good boy.

f. What do you think there might be in their bags?

Ans: There might be chimney sweeping tools in their bags.

g. What did the angel tell to Tom?

Ans: The angel told Tom to be a good boy and he would send a god for his father.

h. How was the morning?

Ans: The morning was dark and cold.

i. At the end of the poem what message was given to Tom?

Ans: At the end of the poem, the message given to Tom was to fulfil our duty at any cost.

ii. Use the words in the box to complete the summary of the poem

chimney-sweeping, shaved, dream, locked, fellow

field, tools, boy, paradise key.

The speaker of the poem is a small boy, who was sold into the chimney-sweeping business when his mother died. He recounts the story of a fellow chimney sweeper, Tom Dacre, who cried when his hair was shaved to prevent vermin and soot from infesting it. The speaker comforts Tom, who falls asleep and has a dream or vision of several chimney sweepers all locked in black coffins. An angel arrives with a special key that opens the locks on the coffins and sets the children free. The newly freed children run through a green field and wash themselves in the river, coming out clean and white in the bright sun. The angel tells Tom that if he is a good boy, he will have this paradise for his own. When Tom awakens, he and the speaker gather their tools and head out to work, thinking that one day they would have a better life.

Follow Up Activity

Have you seen a child-like Tom Dacre in your locality? If yes, when and where? What does he/she do for his/her living?

Ans: Yes, I have seen a child-like Tom Dacre when I was on the way to my uncle's house. He was wearing ragged clothes and begging for money nearby the bridge. I saw him sleeping at a corner where there was little space under the bridge while returning back after three days.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text.

Once upon a time, there was a king who lived in a palace. He had three beautiful daughters but no sons. He wanted his daughters to get married before he died. He found three princes. But his daughters didn't like them. They refused to marry the princes, so the king became very angry. He said they had to get married when they were twenty years old. The three daughters ran away during the night and found work on a farm. They fell in love with the farmer‟s sons while they were working there. They married the farmer‟s sons as soon as they were twenty.

Read the above story and add two more paragraphs narrating what happened afterwards. Some clues are given to you.

Clues:

Did the king accept his daughters and sons-in-law when they returned home after his marriage?
What about the queen?
How did his people react?
How did the farmer's sons feel when they went to the palace for the first time?
Were they able to convince the king and queen? If yes, how?

After some days of marriage, all three daughters went to the palace along with their husbands. When the king knew that his daughters married the sons of farmers, he could not stand it. He was so angry that he did not want to see their daughters‟ faces. But the queen requested him to spit the anger, and welcome their daughters and sons-in-law.

Slowly the news spread in the kingdom about the princesses‟ marriage with the sons of a farmer. Some of them liked it, while some started to backbite. Some of them even talked about the curse on King. But the farmer‟s sons were unknown about the case. They were amazed to see the beautiful palace with dazzling chambers. They could not trust their eyes that they were inside the palace as king‟s sons-in-law.

At last, the daughters were able to convince the king. He also realized whatever had happened, it had happened for the good. After that, all of them lived happily ever in the same palace.

Writing

Develop a story with the help of the pictures above. Supply a suitable title and a moral to the story.

There was a man who always used to ride a bike. One day he got an urgent call from his friend, so he set out from his home quickly. He was speeding his bike ignoring the turns on the road. Suddenly, he realized that there was a bend on the road and a van was also approaching very near from the opposite direction. He failed to control the bike due to his over speed. He collided with the van and he was badly injured. Some people gathered at the spot, someone in the crowd called the ambulance and took him to hospital.

C. Follow Up Activity

Write a story from the following outlines. Give it a suitable title.

A Brave Little Parrot

Long ago, a little grey parrot lived in a green forest. She was a happy bird and loved to fly. One day, a dark storm hovered over the forest. It was a stormy time. There was a big thunder and lightning. The lightning struck an old dead tree. Soon the forest caught fire.

The parrot, smelling smoke, flapped her wings and rose up. As she flew, she cried out, “Fire! Fire! Run! Run to the river!”. She flew to the river and dipped her body and wings in the cool water. Then she flew back over the raging fire. Suddenly an eagle appeared and said “Stop, little parrot! Turn back before it‟s too late. Turn back and save yourself, lest you will fall into the flames!” But the little parrot only panted, “I don‟t need such advice. All I need is help!” And she flew. Seeing the parrot's deed, the eagle realized how great the parrot‟s opinion was, so he also joined in. After a while, all the birds joined the parrot and the eagle. They extinguished the forest fire. All the creatures praised the parrot and other birds for their great patience and heroic deed.

Moral: Nothing is impossible to accomplish if you devote yourself to work.

Speedy Maths Class 10 Solution

2021-08-18T07:37:00.010+05:45

Speedy Maths book is popular among the students of Class 10 but they are not able to seek guide when they are confused. Therefore, Haamronotes is providing Speedy Maths Notes for the students of Class 10.

Class 10 Speedy Maths Chapterwise Solutions:

Chapter-4 Chapter-5 Chapter-6 Chapter-7 Chapter-9 Chapter-10 Chapter-13 Chapter-14 Chapter-16 Chapter-17

Note: Till now we have uploaded 10 chapters, 8 chapters are still remaining to be uploaded and are coming soon.

Chapter-17 | Statistics | Class 10 Speedy Maths Solutions

2021-08-18T07:16:00.002+05:45

Here we are providing Class 10 Speedy Maths Solutions for Chapter-17 Statistics.

Chapter-16 |Trigonometry | Class 10 Speedy Maths Solutions

2021-08-18T07:08:00.002+05:45

Here we are providing Class 10 Speedy maths solutions for Chapter-16 Trigonometry.

Chapter-14 | Construction | Class 10 Speedy Maths Solutions

2021-08-18T07:00:00.001+05:45

Here we are providing class 10 speedy maths solutions for Chapter-14 Construction. Under construction we have covered the following topics:

i. Construction of a triangle whose area is equal to the area of a given quadrilateral

ii. Construction of a parallelogram whose area is equal to the area of a given triangle

iii. Construction of a triangle whose area is equal to the area of a given parallelogram.

Chapter-11 | Theorem of Triangle and Parallelograms | Class 10 Speedy Maths Solutions

2021-08-17T22:22:00.000+05:45

Here we are providing solutions on the theorems of Triangle and parallelogram under the Chapter-13 Geometry Area of Triangle and Quadrilateral.

Chapter-10 | Indices | Class 10 Speedy Maths Solutions

2021-08-17T22:13:00.001+05:45

Here we are providing Class 10 Speedy Maths solutions for Chapter-10 Indices.

Chaper 9 | Rational Expressions | Class 10 Speedy Maths

2021-08-17T22:01:00.001+05:45

Here we are providing Class 10 Speedy Maths Solutions for Chapter 9 Simplification of Rational Expressions.

Chapter-7 | Mensuration: Prism and Pyramid | Class 10 Speedy Maths

2021-08-17T21:54:00.001+05:45

Here we are providing Class 10 Speedy Maths Solutions for Chapter-7 Mensuration: Prism and Pyramid.

Chapter-6 | Mensuration: Cylinder and Sphere | Class 10 Speedy Maths

2021-08-17T20:40:00.002+05:45

Here we are providing Class 10 Speedy Maths solutions to problems related to Cylinder and Sphere under Chapter-6 Mensuration.

Chapter-5 | Mensuration: Area of Triangle | Class 10 Speedy Maths

2021-08-17T20:30:00.002+05:45

Here we are providing Class 10 Speedy Maths Solutions of Chapter 5 Mensuration. Under mensuration, this note covers the topic Area of the Triangle.

Chapter-4 | Population Growth and Depreciation | Class 10 Speedy Maths

2021-08-17T20:21:00.002+05:45

Here we are providing Class 10 Speedy Maths notes and solutions of Chapter-4 Population Growth and Depreciation.

Short Book Reviews for Students - English Guided Writing

2021-08-17T09:55:00.010+05:45

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Book review sample for students on Dodie Smith’s “ I capture the castle”

A book review on "I capture the castle"

Dodie Smith's clever I Capture the Castle is an excursion through the brain of a youthful author as she endeavours to account for her everyday life. Seventeen-year-old Cassandra Mortmain has as of late figured out how to speed-compose, and she chooses to deal with her composing abilities by portraying the activities and discussions of everyone around her.

Cassandra lives in a fourteenth-century English palace with a fascinating cast of characters: her delightful more established sister, Rose; her fairly unsociable creator father and his subsequent spouse, craftsman model Topaz; Stephen, the nursery kid; a feline and a bull terrier; and at times her sibling Thomas when he is home from school. One pivotal day they make the association of the Cotton family, including the two children, and a snare of tangled connections results.

While I unquestionably prescribe this book to different perusers, I would prescribe it to more established youngsters, predominantly on the grounds that it will reverberate better with them. The composing is manageable enough that more youthful teenagers could likewise understand it, however, the greater part of the characters are grown-ups or very nearly adulthood. More established perusers would take the most from it since they can relate, yet they may likewise better get on and like Cassandra's occasionally unobtrusive humour. Throughout the span of the novel, Cassandra goes through an unmistakable change from youngster to develop youthful grown-up, despite the fact that it's just throughout a while. I love that I could see into her outlook and read precisely the thing she was feeling when she thought out circumstances. Her considerations streamed well and moved the book along rapidly.

Cassandra's account voice is great. She is not kidding now and again, yet additionally exceptionally clever, which makes for a drawing in reading. It feels totally genuine like I'm perusing somebody's real diary. Now and again I fail to remember that I am perusing a story and not a genuine record. Her feelings and the discourse are so real, and they are right on the money for a seventeen-year-old young lady in her circumstance.

Cassandra has numerous superb bits of knowledge on life, on themes going from keeping in touch with confidence to issue of the heart. I for one have had a portion of similar contemplations as Cassandra, with the exception of Ms Smith had the option to express them.

Catch the Castle ought to be fundamental perusing for trying authors, those searching for verifiable fiction or sentiment, or any individual who loves perusing astounding exemplary books. Dodie Smith is an excellent essayist, and I Capture the Castle is a book that won't ever become outdated.

Source

Book Review sample for Students on "Muna Madan"

A book review on “Muna Madan”

Title: Muna Madan

Author: Laxmi Prasad Devkota

Publish Year: 2008

Publisher: Sajha Prakashan, Kathmandu, Nepal

Edition: Twenty-fifth Edition

Genre: Nepali Poetry

Language: Nepali

Muna Madan is a folk epic portraying the story of Muna and Madan written in the wonderful rendition in 1935 by Nepalese writer Laxmi Prasad Devkota. It is quite possibly the most well-known works in Nepali writing. Not long before his passing in 1959 Devkota put his on the map proclamation, "It would be okay if every one of my works were burned, aside from Muna Madan." It is the most monetarily fruitful Nepali book at any point distributed. It depends on the Jhaurey society tune.

The book portrays the existence of a man (Madan) who leaves his better half (Muna) and goes to Lhasa to bring in cash. Madan addresses every one of the young people of Nepal who travel to another country to bring in cash to make money.

The spouse of Madan, Muna is the sovereign of affection and penance. She cherishes her Madan a great deal so she is disturbed as she needs to send him to Lhasa, where there are loads of obstructions and dangers. In any case, at last, she acknowledges this demand and stays in the country with her old mother in law

While getting back, Madan becomes seriously sick on the way. His companions leave him out and about and return home saying he has died on the way. At last, he is protected by a believed man to be of lower standing in Nepal. That is the reason it is said that a man is supposed to be incredible not by rank or race but rather by a heart loaded with adoration and mankind.

At the point when Madan gets back to Kathmandu totally fit and fine, he finds that his love Muna and mom has died. Madan comes to understand that cash is of no worth by then.

The story additionally shows the existence of a helpless lady who experienced much without her significant other and later passes on due to sorrow. In this sonnet, Devkota has expounded on the most serious issues of the then Nepalese society.

Through the narrative of Muna and Madan, Laxmi Prasad Devkota needs to balance out the current realities of conventional social orders, informal convictions and the adverse consequences of joblessness and destitution in Nepalese society. The artist has superbly characterized love by showing the relationship of Muna and Madan. The book has ended up being a masterpiece in Nepali Literature.

Rules and Regulations of Library - English Writing

2021-08-17T08:52:00.009+05:45

Prepare a list of Rules and regulations to be followed in a library.

The rules and regulations to be followed in a library are as follows:

Sit in your assigned seat.
Be respectful and considerate of the library and library materials.
Be responsible.
Walk to keep each other safe.
Use quiet voices so others may learn.
Ask for permission to use the computers and printers.
Food/drinks/gum/candy are not allowed in the library.
Student photo identification library cards are required to sign out the library material.

Students should be engaged in social activities- English Essay

2021-08-17T08:10:00.006+05:45

English essay on the topic"Students Should be Engaged in Social Activities rather than School Work at Home"

Some people believe that students must be assigned enough homework so that they get an opportunity to practise the things taught in the class at home. So they will not forget it. Others think that they shouldn't be overloaded by homework rather they must be given an opportunity to engage in social activities. In my opinion, neither of the views is correct in itself. The students should not be overburdened with large amounts of homework since they have already practised such activities inside the classroom.

Though homework is helpful in reminding them about the lesson they have learnt on a particular day, getting them engaged and being ready for assignments and examinations, they have very little time to get refreshed. If we keep the students engaged with the homework all the time, it will have adverse effects on their social skills. They never get a chance to learn the skills that they need for socialization. There is a danger that such children become self-centric. Instead of heavily loaded homework, project work, which relates the student's theoretical knowledge to practice, should be given to the students. On the one hand, such activities help them learn language unknowingly and apply learned behaviours in practice. On the other hand, they help them to broaden their social horizon, address their diverse interests, raise their self-esteem, make them more committed and enhance their ability to work in a team.

When we were in class five, our English teacher always gave us project work like activities which we had to accomplish involving in the teams. Almost every week we had to present our findings to the class which miraculously increased our performance. Because of the regular project work, we became more adaptive to social issues, learnt to solve problems individually, become more sociable and befriended many people in the society. Other teachers of the class, on the contrary, always gave us homework which none of us had an interest in.

Thus, I strongly claim that learning by doing is the best technique that helps students to catch fish from a pond rather than providing them with an amount of readymade fish. Therefore, the students should be engaged in social works to teach them the life skills they need for their future adjustments.

Momo Cooking Recipe - English Recipe Writing

2021-08-16T20:57:00.007+05:45

Write a recipe for cooking momo including the ingredients and steps to cook momo. [ Recipe writing for students]

Momo making Recipe

Firstly, collect all the ingredients required to prepare momo. Then, take a bowl and prepare the hard dough by adding flour, water and salt. After that keep it for 15 minutes. Meanwhile, wash all the vegetables and chop cabbage, onions, and spring onions finely. After that boil potatoes. Then grate them and carrots as well.

Secondly, take a bowl and mix the chopped cabbage, onions and spring onions, grated potato and carrot, soy sauce, momo spices, ginger paste, melted butter, salt and pepper. Then, portion out the dough into small pieces. Then roll out the pieces, place the vegetable stuffing onto the pieces and seal them together. After that grease momo perforated container with oil. Then lay momo into the container. Heat the steamer by adding water. After that, place the sealed momo onto the steamer.

Third, steam momo over the pot of boiling water for about 10 minutes. Now, momo is ready, serve hot momo with suitable accompaniment or sauce.

Black Tea Recipe - English Recipe Writing

2021-08-16T20:33:00.006+05:45

How to write a recipe for black tea? Prepare a recipe to prepare a cup of black tea including the ingredients and steps to prepare tea. [ English free writing for students]

Making a cup of black tea

A cup of Black Tea

Ingredients required to prepare a cup of black tea

Dried tea-leaves
Sugar
Water
Cooking utensils (kettle, teapot, spoon, strainer, etc.)

Procedure to prepare a cup of black tea

First, boil a cup of water in a kettle about 3-5 minutes.
After that, pour the hot water into the teapot.
Now, add the dried tea leaves into the teapot. Don‟t add too many dried tea leaves because the tea will be too thick to drink. Cover the teapot with its lid.
Wait for about 3 minutes until the tea becomes dark in colour. You can smell the aroma coming up.
Add sugar according to your taste, and stir it with a spoon.
Now, the tea is ready to serve.

Simple Present Tense - Structure and uses | English Grammar | Class 8, 9 and 10

2021-08-16T09:38:00.003+05:45

Structure of Simple Present Tense

Affirmative	subject + V1/V5+object	James eats rice
Negative	subject + does not/do not +VI + object	James does not eat rice.
Interrogative	subject + does not/do not +VI + object	Does James eat rice? What does James eat?
Passive	object + is/am/ are+V3+ by + subject	object + is/am/ are+V3+ by + subject

Uses of Simple Present Tense with examples:

(a) To express present affairs / permanent or long-lasting situation:

He speaks English very well.

A nurse works in a hospital.

His father wears glasses.

(b) To express habitual actions or repeated actions / daily routine:

I always take tea in the morning.

Olivia walks to college every day.

When do you usually have lunch?

He frequently takes bath.

(c) To express truth and facts or saying and proverb:

The sun sets early in the winter.

The Earth is a planet.

Honesty is the best policy.

Slow and steady wins the race.

d)To express fixed timetable or scheduled future actions:

The meeting starts at four.

His father retires next year.

The match starts at 9 o' clock.

The train leaves at 5:20.

(e) We often use these adverbs of time in seldom rarely every day twice a week.

always, hardly, often, once a day, daily, sometimes, every week, thrice a month, occasionally, generally, every year, nowadays, frequently, scarcely

He always drinks coffee.

I often lose my temper.

She generally forgets duty.

(f) To express likes, dislikes/verbs of sensation / emotional states:

He hates talking like that.

That seems ok for me.

I love ice cream.

I think he is a good writer.

Tense | Types and Forms of Tense | English Grammar | Class 8,9 and 10

2021-08-16T09:26:00.004+05:45

Tense

Generally, tense refers to the time of action. It indicates when the work is done. There are three types of tense. Types of tense are further divided into four forms totalling 12 forms of Tense.

For structure, uses and further discussions on forms of tense, click on them.

Present Tense

The present tense indicates the actions in the present time. There are four forms of present Tense:

Past Tense

Past Tense indicates the actions which have happened already. There are four forms of past tense:

Future Tense

Future tense indicates the actions which are going to happen in the coming time. There are four forms of Future Tense:

Rules for Transformation of Sentences | English Grammar | Class 8,9 and 10

2021-08-16T08:24:00.005+05:45

What is Transformation of Sentences?

Transformation of sentences means changing the form of sentences without altering their tense. Generally, we change the sentences affirmative sentences into negative, interrogative and vice versa.

Structure of Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative sentences

Affirmative: Subject + verb + object.

ü They wrote a letter.

ü James goes to college.

ü We eat rice.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary verb + not + object.

ü They did not write a letter.

ü James does not go to college.

ü We do not eat rice.

Interrogative: Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb +object?

ü Did they write a letter?

ü Does James go to college?

ü Do we eat rice?

Negative interrogative: Auxiliary verb + subject + not + main verb + object?

ü Did they not write a letter?

ü Does James not go to college?

ü Do we not eat rice?

Note: While changing negative and interrogative, the verb changes as follows:

V1 takes do (V1 = do + V1) V2 takes did (V2 = did + V1) V5 takes does (V5 = does + V1)

Examples of Transformation of Sentences:

1)I play baseball. (Affirmative)

I do not play baseball. (Negative)

Do I play baseball? (Interrogative)

2)He had his lunch. (Affirmative)

He did not have his lunch. (Negative)

Did he have his lunch? (Interrogative)

3)He drives a bus. (Affirmative)

He doesn't drive a bus. (Negative)

Does he drive a bus? (Interrogative)

Rules for Transformation of Sentences

i)'some' changes into 'any' in negative and interrogative:

ü He ate something. (Affirmative)

ü He did not eat anything. (Negative)

ü Did he eat anything? (Interrogative)

ii) ‘somebody’ changes into nobody in negative and ‘anybody’ in interrogative

ü They help somebody. (Affirmative)

ü They do not help anybody. (Negative)

ü Do they help anybody? (Interrogative)

iii)any of' changes into 'none of in negative:

ü Any of them can do this. (Affirmative)

ü None of them can do this. (Negative)

iv)'no' and 'any' changes into 'some' in affirmative:

ü He wants nothing./He doesn't want anything. (Negative)

ü He wants something. (Affirmative)

v) 'already' changes into 'yet' in negative and vice versa:

ü He has already returned. (Affirmative)

ü Has he returned yet? (Interrogative)

ü He hasn't returned yet. (Negative)

vi) 'never' changes into 'always' in affirmative and 'ever' in interrogative:

ü He never walks on foot. (Negative)

ü He always walks on foot. (Affirmative)

ü Does he ever walk on foot? (Interrogative)

vii)'a lot of changes into 'many' for countable noun and 'much' for uncountable in negative and interrogative:

ü James bought a lot of mangoes. (Affirmative)

ü James did not buy many mangoes. (Negative)

ü Did James buy many mangoes? (Interrogative)

viii)'too' changes into 'either' in negative and vice versa:

ü I like it, too. (Affirmative)

ü I don't like it, either. (Negative)

ix) 'and so' changes into 'and neither' in negative and vice versa:

ü Rita was happy and so was Gita. (Affirmative)

ü Rita was not happy and neither was Gita. (Negative)

x) 'either ....or' changes into 'neither...nor' in negative and vice versa:

ü ü Either Rekha or Shila will win the match. (Affirmative)

ü ü Neither Rekha nor Shila will win the match. (Negative)

x) 'as ....as' changes into 'not so...as' in negative and vice versa:

ü Your handwriting is as good as mine. (Affirmative)

ü Your handwriting is not so good as mine. (Negative)

xi) 'have to, has to, had to' change into negative by adding 'not' after them:

ü He had to go. (Affirmative)

ü He had not to go/He did not have to go. (Negative)

xii)' several' changes into 'any' in negative but remains 'several' in interrogative:

ü He bought several books. (Affirmative)

ü He did not buy any books. (Negative)

ü Did he buy several books? (Interrogative)

Prepositions | Uses of Prepositions | English Grammar | Class 8,9 and 10

2021-08-15T21:17:00.033+05:45

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What are prepositions?

Prepositions is a word or group of words that shows the relationship between two words in a sentence. They are also used to show location, time and place. Various prepositions are used in different circumstances. The uses of prepositions are briefly discussed below:

Uses of different conjunctions

1. Uses of 'On'

(a) Fixed days and dates:

on Sunday
on Christmas
on 14th, May
on 1st January 2017

(b)To denote position (attached to sth/sb):

on the wall
on a map
on the ceiling
on the table
on the group
on the right
on the left

(c)With means of transportation.

on a horse
on foot
on cycle
on a bicycle
on a ship

(d) With verbs phrases like:

insist on, move on, rely on, depend on, keep on, pass on, live on, put on, switch on, turn on, on the right, on the other hand, on strike, on diet, onboard, on border

Uses of "On"

(a) Before,month,season

in April
in June
in summer
in spring
in winter

Adjectives/verbs +in: deal in, involved in, succeed in, polite in , believe in, engaged in, interested in, employed in, skilful in, backward in

3. Uses of 'at'

(a) Before clock time:

at 2 o'clock
at four
at 1.30

(b) Before name of festivals:

at Deepawali
at Lhosar
at Christmas
at Id
at Easter

(c) To denote place:

at a meeting
at Balaju
at the bus park
at a hotel

(d) To make time adverbials:

at lunchtime
at the moment
at present
at the same time
at daybreak
at sunset
at dawn

(e) Verbs / adjectives+at:

mock at
laugh at
glad at
look at
smile at
arrive at
grasp at
grin at
stare at
laugh at
bark at
smile at
point at
good at
amazed at
angry at
excellent at
shocked at
slow at
impatient at

(f) To indicate the age/speed / temperature:

at the age of 30
retire at 60
left school at
at 40 miles
at 90 kilometres per hour
at zero degree Celsius
at 100 degree Celsius

(g) To indicate a rate, price:

at 2 percent interest
at 20 rupees per kg

(h) Some phrases:

not at all
at once
at a distance
at the mercy of
at a glance
at this point
at fault
at any cost
at last

(i) Indicating side:

My house is at Caspian lake.
There is a crowd of people at the river.

4. Use of 'by'

(a) Before point of times in future:

by 2012
by March
by Sunday
by tomorrow

(b) By+ agent in passive:

The cat is chased by a dog.
America was discovered by Columbus.

(c) To denote position (near / beside / at the side of):

Please sit by me.
Come and stand still by him.

(d)To indicate a means of transport or a route is taken: (if there is no article in front of means of transportation)

by boat
by bus
by car
by plane
by train
by air
by land
by the sea

But; in a car, in a taxi

Similarly in front of large vehicles: on a bus, on a plane

(e)Mode of payment/measurement/route:

He paid by cheque/in cash.
We sell by the dozen.
May I enter by the back door?

(f) Some phrases:

by accident, bit by bit, by hand, by mistake, by chance, by the way, by heart, by oneself, one by one, side by side, by means, little by little

Use of 'with'

(a)Possession:

a boy with red hat
a man with an umbrella
a woman with a bag
a coat with a belt
a child with books

(b)Indicating the tool or instrument/material used:

Draw with a pencil.
Cut it with a knife.
Feed with a spoon.
Hit with an axe.
Chop with a saw.
Fill the bowl with water.
The lorry was loaded with timber.

(c) In the company:

I live with my parents.
Discuss the plans with an expert.
He played football with his friends.

(d) Manner:

He did it with pleasure/ease/ difficulty.

(e) Giving assistance:

Can you help me with the washing up?

(f)(Adjectives/verbs + with)

satisfied with, angry with, content with, furious with, familiar with, bored with, deal with, collided with, bargain with,

(g)Common expressions:

with pleasure, with care, pleased with, fed up with, quarrel with, delighted with, agree with, fight with, difficulty with

Use of 'about'

(a) On the subject of sb/sth, in connection with, concerning or regarding:

The poem is about nature.
Tell me about poverty.
He is careless about his personal hygiene.

(b) At a time near to, at approximately:

They will reach home at about 10 o'clock.
It cost about Rs. 150.

(c) Approximately:

There are about 10 people in the meeting.
He is about 50.

(d) Some phrases:

anxious about, excited about, doubtful about, worried about, concerned about, depressed about, wrong about, curious about, happy about

7)Uses of 'of '

(a)Possession:

a cousin of mine
an acquaintance of my wife
the lid of the jar
the handle of the umbrella
the role of the teacher

(b) Indicating unit of measurement or quantity:

a kilo of rice
a meter of rope
a cup of tea
a sheet of paper

(c) Indicating age:

a man of 40
a boy of 12
Something made from a shirt of cotton
Containing: a bag of potatoes
Location: east of here

(d)Verbs + of

die of, short of, a sari of silk, a bundle of sticks, the middle of the road, deprive of, lack of, accused of, get rid of

Use of 'off'

(a)Special use with verbs like doze off put off, get off, take off

The pen rolled off the table.
The cat pimped off the roof.

Use of 'for'

(a)Indicating purpose or function:

Go for a walk.
It's a machine for slicing bread.
Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work?

(b) Indicating destination, aim or reason:

head for the shore
depart for home
a book for children
a chair for visitors
bicycles for sale/hire

(c) Duration of time:

He walked for two hours.
She has been ill for a few days.
He was in prison for twenty years.
I love you forever.

(d)As the price, reward or penalty:

I bought a book for Rs. 500. (price)
He was fined for dangerous driving. (penalty)
He got a medal for bravery. (reward) Purpose:
These books are for blind people.
What is this tool for?

(e) In favour of:

I will vote for her.
Are you for the motion?

(f) With some verbs like:

apply for, look for, apologize for. wait for, search for, leave for

10)Use of 'since'

(a)Before point in time with present or past perfect tense:

I haven't taken lunch since morning.
She's been working in a bank since Christmas.
He had spoken to her only once since his marriage.

11) Use of 'from'

(a) Place or direction from which sb/sth starts:

Go from Gangabu to Kalanki.
They came from Nepal.
Has the bus from Pokhara arrived?

(b)Indicating the time at which sth starts:

He is on leave from 20th July.
He was ill from birth.

(c) Indicating who sent or gave:

a message from my brother
a present from a penfriend
I had a phone call from Max.

(d) Indicating source:

I knew it from her.
He came from the south.

(c) over higher than / more than

There is a bulb over that table.
We have over five jobs vacant.

(d) under: beneath / less than

There is a ball under the table.
Under fifteen children are playing.

(e) across: from one side to another / on the other side.

We walked across the road.
There is a bookshop across the street.

(f) along: in the line

They are walking along the road.

(g) between: between two

Olivia is sitting between James and John..

(h) among: between many

There is a house among the trees.

(i) behind: at the back of

Our school is behind the hospital.

(j) in front of: ahead of

He stood in front of the class.

(k) beside: next to

Our office is beside the store.

(l) past: up to and beyond

I walked past the school.

(m) down: from high to low

He came down the hill.

Uses of (a, an, the) articles | English Grammar Notes | Class 8,9 and 10

2021-08-15T17:41:00.018+05:45

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What are articles?

The words 'a', 'an' and 'the' are usually called articles. They are always followed by a noun or noun phrase. 'A' and 'an' are called indefinite articles and 'the is called definite article.

Uses of "a" article:

Before a countable noun beginning with a consonant sound: a bag, a girl, a hat, a pilot a hotel, a book, a house
In most of the cases 'e"o' and 'u' are pronounced as a consonant: a eucalyptus a one-way ticket, a union, a user, a one rupee note, a university girl, a unit, a useless car, a utensil, a useful article, a European, a unicorn
Abbreviation whose first letter has consonant sound: a BA, a TOEFL score, a VIP, a WHO officer, a BBC reporter, a SAT score

Uses of "an" article:

Before a countable noun beginning with a vowel sound: an egg, an uncle, an elephant, an orange, an untidy girl, an insect,
In most of the cases 'h' is pronounced as a consonant: an hour, an honest man, an heir, an heiress, an heirloom, an honourable man,
Abbreviation whose first letter has vowel sound: an SOS message, an MBBS, an LLB, an MA, an HA, an MD, an SEE candidate, an MLA, an NGO, a one-eyed man, a ewe, a unique creature, a u-turn, a UFO, a CA, an ass, an owl, an hourglass, an MP, an FM, an MBA,

Uses of "a" or "an article":

To mean each or every:

Mia earns five thousand a month.

She visits her brother once a week.

2. In the sense of one: -

Max has a computer.
She purchased a new home.

3.with job or profession:

Oasis is a doctor.

He is an engineer.

4. In 'such+ singular noun':

I want such a pen.

Such a girl is laborious.

5. With singular exclamation:

What a beautiful house!

Such a fair work!

6. With units of uncountable nouns:

a piece of chalk, a bottle of milk, a lump of sugar, a pinch of salt

Use of "the" article:

1. Before celestial body:

the Earth
the sky
the universe
the Moon
the Sun

Note: except the earth, no article is used to other planets.

2. When the noun is repeated a second time:

I saw a dog. The dog was shabby.
He bought a cake. The cake was stale.

3. Before superlative degrees:

the best.
the worst
the highest
the most
the least

4. Before ordinal numbers:

the first
the second
the third
the forth

5. Before names of musical instruments in the sense of playing:

the drum
the piano
the guitar
the kev-board

For example: James is playing the guitar but James has a Guitar.

6. Before names of rivers, seas, oceans:

the Nile
the Narayani
the Thames
the Bagmati
the Red sea
the Dead sea
the Atlantic Ocean
The Pacific Ocean.

7. Before names of groups of islands and Gulf:

the British Isles
the Isle of Man
the Laccadive Islands
the Persian Gulf
the Gulf of Guinea

8. Before names of mountain ranges:

the Mahabharat range
the Himalayas
the Alps
the Rockies
the Andes

9. Before plural names of countries:

the United States
the Philippines
the UK
the USSR
the UAE

10. Before names of canals and peninsulas:

the Suez canal
the Gandak canal
the Panama canal
the Iberian Peninsula

11. Before names of deserts:

the Sahara
the Gobi
the Thar Before

12. names of newspapers:

the Times
the Washington Post
the Rising Nepal
the Gorkhapatra
the Kantipur

13. Before a period of decades:

the twenties
the fifties
the sixties

14. Before the name of directions and poles and Geographical area:

the west
the east
the North Pole
the South Pole
the Middle East

15. Before names of the periods of history and historic event:

the Modern Age
the Victorian Age
the Renaissance
the Martyrs Day
the Independence Day

Note: For the primary purpose no article is used.

They go to school every day.

16. Before the unique organs of the human body:

the heart
the head
the nose etc.

17. Before names of ships, airlines/aeroplane:

the Mary Celeste
the Titanic
the Yeti airlines
the Boeing 747

18. Before names of hotels, restaurants, theatres, cinemas, clubs:

the Beverly
the Radisson
the Cineplex Entertainment
the Youth Club
the Lion's Club
the Rotary Club

19. Before names of scientific innovations:

the radio
the computer
the television

20. Before titles:

the Prime minister
the principal Museum and Library:
the National Museum
the American Library
the Central Library

21. Before points on the globe:

the equator
the north pole

22. Before physical position:

the top
the bottom

23. Before parts of the house:

the kitchen
the toilet

24. Before adjectives representing social group:

the blind
the poor
the unemployed

25. Before school, college, hospital, church, temple, court if used for the secondary purpose:

He went to the school to meet the principal.
He crossed near the hospital.

26. Before proper nouns when they are qualified /parallel comparatives:

The sooner, the better.
The more you read the more you learn.

Omission of Article

1. Before the names of the metals:

Silver is a useful metal.
Diamond is a precious metal.

2. Before uncountable/plural/proper/ abstract nouns:

rice, milk, water, boxes, vermin, cattle, people, pens, New York, James, Mia, America

wisdom, honesty, death, kindness, beauty

But, when abstract/uncountable nouns are qualified by an adjective:

The kindness of Olivia is adorable.

The milk in this glass is pure.

3. Before streets and lakes:

New road
Durbar Marga
Superior lake
Baikal Lake

4. Before languages/subjects:

Were you learning Chinese?
Is science your favourite subject?

5. Before games and sports:

I like baseball.
He is interested in soccer.

6. Before names of days, months, seasons:

We will meet on Saturday.
It's very cold in winter.
I was born in July.

7. Before names of disease, colour, next, last, nature, mankind, type of, kind of and before possessive pronouns:

He died of AIDS.
Pink is my favourite colour.
We will see you next week.
These are the wonders of nature.
These inventions are useful for all mankind.
I like this type of bag.
You are a different kind player.
Mina's watch doesn't work

8. Before magazines:

Wisdom Magazine, People Magazine, Himal, Shiksha, Yuba

9. Before mountains:

Mount Everest, Mount K2

10. Before parks and falls:

Yellowstone national park, Hyde Park, Victoria falls

Class 10 English Grammar Notes 2021

2021-08-15T16:01:00.029+05:45

To get good marks in the English exams, English Grammar plays a vital role. So to help you we are providing English grammar notes for Class 10 on all the important topics.

Articles Prepositions Tense Speech Voice Connectives Conditional
Sentences

[Download PDF]Class 10 English Notes

2021-08-15T14:18:00.002+05:45

[200+ words]Memorable Day in My Life-Essay For Class 8,9 and 10 Nepal

2021-08-13T07:25:00.000+05:45

Life is full of many events and experiences. However, each of them is not equally important, enjoyable and memorable. Few are memorable. I am a student. There are some memorable days in my life and they are evergreen in my heart. My first day at school is that day. It was the month of Baisakh,2064. I was then only three years old. My father proposed that I should be admitted to the school and I was really afraid as it was a new place for me.

The day came when I had to step inside a school, I was really afraid. Many students were playing and talking to each other on the school ground. Getting me into a new environment, my heart began to beat. At first, my father took me to the principal's room and requested him to admit me. I felt a bit nervous inside. But his smiling face and gentle eyes put me at ease. He asked me some questions and I answered them all. Then, he became pleased with me and admitted me. After that, he asked the teacher to take me to the class. She welcomed me, took me to the class and gave me a seat. All the students in the class were staring at me. I felt a bit awkward and nervous to see the new faces. But soon I became very easy. I studied four periods. There was leisure between periods in which I used to play and interact with friends. All the teachers and friends were very friendly and helpful.

I still remember that day. That day was very special in my life.

[200+ words]Essay On Value of Time

2021-08-13T07:20:00.007+05:45

An essay on "Value of time" in 200 words

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You can write an essay on "Value of time" answering the following questions.

What is the value of Time?

Time is the major factor in the development of humans. Time is running continuously. Time once gone is gone forever. It never comes back. Time gives equal opportunity to all. It does not say the poor or rich, young or old, healthy or sick etc. It is equally important to all. Time and tide wait for no man. Time is precious. We can buy everything with money but time can't be bought.

What is the nature of Time?

Time can be classified into present, past and future. Past is past. It has already gone. We should learn from past experiences. The present is important for us. If we utilise the present time properly, our future automatically becomes bright. So, we should not drain our present time.

How can we utilize time?

We should not waste time by doing unnecessary things like playing cards, gossiping about other people, watching films, etc. We should utilize our time doing creative works like reading, writing etc. We have to use our time wisely. Loss of time leads us to despair and misery. Some people are foolish. They don't realize the importance of time. They are wasting their valuable time. Waste of time is a great loss. We should not be idle. We always should be active.

How can students utilize their time?

Time is more important for students. They should utilize their valuable time properly. Those students who utilize their time wisely will be great persons in future. They should make their routine and spend their valuable time accordingly. Teachers should teach the students about the value of time. Our life is very short. We have to do a lot of things in a limited period of time. So, we must utilize our time well.

[250+ words]English essay on COVID-19 for Class 10

2021-08-13T07:19:00.012+05:45

English essay on COVID-19 for Class 10 in 250 words

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What is the Corona virus(COVID-19)?

Corona-virus is a group of viruses that have the same genetic makeup. The virus is called corona in English because its appearance is similar to that of a crown. Coronavirus is the most prevalent and easily understood, so the name is in vogue.

From where and how did the COVID-19 outbreak begin?

The outbreak began in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan in China's Huawei province. The virus first appeared in a livestock market in Wuhan. Within a few months of the outbreak, the infection has spread around the world. The scientific name of the coronavirus is SARS-2. The disease caused by the virus is called covid-19.

How does the COVID-19 transmit?

According to scientists, the coronavirus enters humans through the nose and mouth. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, the small saliva coming out of the nose and mouth quickly spreads the coronavirus. The coronavirus can enter the body if you touch your face without washing with soap and water by touching the infected person's skin or the surface touched by the infected person. The virus first attacks the cells of the throat, trachea and lungs. Gradually taking control of those organs and increasing their number can have a serious impact.

What are the symptoms of the COVID-19?

The main symptoms of COVID-19 are fever and dry cough. Some patients have symptoms such as sore throat, painful diarrhoea, and hearing loss. Some people do not show any symptoms even if they have an infection, but they are afraid of transmitting the virus to others without their knowledge. If you have symptoms of the coronavirus, it is best to stay home alone. It is advisable to go to the hospital and consult a doctor if you have any dangerous symptoms like fever, cough and difficulty in breathing. Everyone should walk safely. Patients with diabetes, high blood pressure, heart or lung problems are more likely to die.

How can we prevent COVID-19?

There are many vaccines available to treat covid but we also need to be vigilant against coronavirus. The best way is to keep the virus from entering your body. Hands should be washed with soap and water to kill viruses and keep hands clean. This reduces the chances of the virus being transmitted by touching the face with the hand. In this way, you have to protect yourself from the coronavirus and warn others.

Note: You do not need to write the heading questions when writing the essay. These are just to give you an idea on how to write an essay on Covid 19.

Hope you like this essay. Stay safe!!

[800 words]English essay on Importance of Media Literacy 2021

2021-08-13T07:18:00.028+05:45

An essay on "Importance of Media Literacy"

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What is media literacy?

Media is electronic means and digital materials that transmit information and news through articles, scenes and videos. Radio, television, mobile phones, newspapers, the internet, etc. all belong to the media. The word literacy often refers to the ability to read and write. There is not much difference between (reading) literacy and media literacy, both are the same.

Simply telling, media literacy is the ability to analyze, critique and understand the news, information and messages that flow through the media. It is the ability to find out the truth by analyzing and evaluating the received news. The National Commission for Media Literacy in the United States has defined it more broadly as the ability to analyze, evaluate, and create media. John M. Culkin is the man who brought the provision of media literacy for the first time.

Need of media literacy in today's world

Today our world is moving at a very fast pace. The world is changing momentarily. Science and technology are performing more and more miracles today than ever before. Due to the development of science and technology, media and information technology have also become widespread.

In today's busy time, people of all ages, from children to the elderly and young to old, have started relying on the media to get quick information, information and messages. What to show in information, how to show, whose side to take is all in the hands of the media.

The media has the power to control our reality, our understanding, our emotions and to change it. It can have a detrimental effect on our personal lives, our social lives, our nation and our world. That is why media literacy is needed today to prevent false and factless news from dominating our minds.

Importance of Media Literacy

In this age of digital media and information technology, media literacy has become essential for every individual and country. Media literacy has become an essential thing for the world as mobile phones, televisions and the Internet has reached even the most remote places of the world. Therefore, media literacy is of great importance in this developing world.

Protects our democratic rights.

Media literacy protects our democratic right to know the truth by developing the ability to evaluate and analyze the false and factless news spread by the media.

Teaches us to be impartial.

It also teaches us to be impartial without taking sides based on false information in the media.

Guards our personal value, dignity and reputation.

As media literacy does not allow dignity to be tarnished based on factless information, it has become a guardian of our personal value, honour, dignity and reputation.

Helps in the preservation of culture.

The increasing use of media has brought immense distortions and negative effects on culture. World culture has fallen into the trap.

In such a situation, media literacy has become effective in the preservation of culture by making people aware of media misinformation.

Assists us know the truth and matters of national importance.

Misinformation provided by the government through the media violates our constitutional, democratic and civil rights to know the truth and matters of national importance. Media literacy motivates us to question, evaluate and criticize against it, which forces the government to answer our questions and demands, to tell the truth.

In this way, media literacy helps us to move towards the path of righteousness and towards the path of development.

Impact of fake media

Unfortunately, media literacy has not reached every corner of the world. Many people are deprived of media literacy. For the same reason, many people are falling into the trap of false news, believing untrue news to be true. Misleading news is being published day by day to which misleads people by showing false facts. Innocent people who can't distinguish the real and fake news are in trouble. Students are getting the wrong information ‌ which has negative impacts on their education.

Thus, false and misleading news is having a very bad effect on the whole World.

Conclusion:

Therefore, with the rapid development of media in the world and the increase in the publication of false and factless news, the people should be made aware to choose the right information, prevent wrongdoing in society, wrongdoing of any person or political party, world culture, tradition and social values and beliefs.

Some programs related to media literacy are conducted in the world as an effort to promote media literacy. Public awareness programs on media literacy have been conducted on radio and television. Media literacy skills have been taught through computer education at the school level. The government is also trying its best by making rules, laws and standards from its own level.

Nowadays children also have access to media so parents should also make their children aware of what media is, how it disseminates information and what kind of media is good, what kind of media is bad, what kind of news is true and what kind of news is false. If everyone tries their best, the light of media literacy can be spread all over World.

[200+ words]Essay on My Country Nepal

2021-08-07T20:07:00.013+05:45

My country Nepal-For all classes

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Geography of Nepal

My country Nepal is a small country situated at the foothills of the Himalayas. It is a buffer (surrounded by two big countries) state sandwiched by China from the North and India from the south. It is generally divided into three geographical regions: mountain region, hilly region and Terai region. Politically, it is divided into seven provinces under the central government in Kathmandu, the capital city. It covers only 0.3% of the land of Asia and 0.03% of the whole world. It is small in size but holds the world in itself.

Caste, Religion and Language of Nepal

Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-religious country. People of 123 castes,127 languages and 9 religions live in Nepal. The majority of people in Nepal follow Hinduism as a major religion. The rest of them follow Islamism, Christianity and Buddhism. People in Nepal follow various castes like Brahmin, Chettri, Gurung, Newari, etc. Despite these differences, there is “Unity in Diversity”. People do not fight with each other in the name of religion, caste or language. When one gets hurt then the others feel the pain. This is the beauty of Nepal.

Culture of Nepal

Nepal is rich in culture. People of various castes, religions, languages and geography have their own unique culture. They perform various cultural dances like Ghatu, Maruni, Deuda, Lakhe and many more. It is also rich in art and architecture. The capital city, Kathmandu has many temples which are the masterpiece of art and architecture.

Identity and Pride of Nepal

Nepal has the most unique flag in the world combining two triangles. The border of the Nepali flag is blue which resembles peace and the bright red colour in the flag resembles the bravery of the Nepali people. The sun and moon in the flag symbolize that Nepal will exist till the sun and moon exist in the universe.

Nepal is also known as the country of high hills and mountains. There are only 14 mountains in the world above 8000m among which 8 of them lie in Nepal. Mt.Everest, the highest peak of the world measuring 8848m also lies here. It is our identity and pride in the world. Gautam Buddha, the light of Asia as well as the founder of Buddhism was also born here.

Economy of Nepal

Nepal is an agricultural country. More than half of the population of Nepal depend on agriculture. Others are engaged in trade, industry, business, government and private sectors. Many are unemployed and some are engaged in foreign employment. Nepal is an interdependent country. Many of its goods or necessities are imported either from India or China. Nepal also exports very few items like carpets, beverages, textiles, tea, and plastic. Nepal’s economy also depends on tourism. Tourism is well flourished in Nepal. But due to the spread of Coronavirus, the tourism sector has been badly hit. Nepal had launched Visit Nepal: 2020 aiming to bring more than 2millions tourists in a year but failed due to pandemic. Its economy has been going down due to pandemics like in other countries.

Conclusion on Nepal Essay

In conclusion, Nepal is a country rich in art, culture, language, nature and many more. I am proud of my country.

FAQ

How can you write an essay on my country Nepal?

You can describe about geography, culture, religion, language and economy in your own words.

Ma sadak boldai xu

2021-07-07T14:20:00.013+05:45

फन्को मारेर घाँटी अथवा कम्मरमा कसैको पछ्याएर जाने म होइन
सर्प जस्तै सलल बगेर कसैलाई तर्साउन सक्ने होइन म
किनकि पहाड र चट्टानहरू ब्लास्टिङ गरी निर्माण गरिएको र सम्भार नगरिएको |
म निश्चल निश्चल सडक बोल्दै छु । (1)

कवयित्री पारिजातत्रारा रचित 'म सडक बोल्दै छु' कविता निर्जीव सडकलाई सजीव बनाई लेखिएको व्यङ्ग्यात्मक कविता हो । यसमा सडकको माध्यमबाट स्वार्थ र लोभमा फसेर गलत काम गर्ने र त्यसको जिम्मेबारी आफूले नलिने मानवीय प्रवृत्तिप्रति व्यङ्ग्य गरिएको छ। ठूलाठूला पहाड काटेर, चट्टान फोरेर बनाइएका बाटामा धेरै घुम्टी पर्दा नागबेली आकारका र लहराजस्तै देन्छिन्‌ । यस अवस्थालाई कविले थाक्रोमा बेरिएर जाने लहरो, महिलाका घाँटीमा बेरिने सल वा गुद्ल्की परेको सर्प नभएको, कसैका पछि नलाग्ने र कसैलाई नतर्साउने बरु सबैको सहयोगी भएकोले सडकसँग कोही तर्सिनु र डराउनु पर्दैन । यो त मानव निर्मित भौतिक रचना हो । मानिसले आफ्नो सुख सुविधाका लागि सडकको निर्माण गरेको हो । भ्रष्टाचार र कमिसनमा भुलेर मापदण्ड नपुग्याई सडक निर्माण गर्दा, समय समयमा मर्मत सम्भार नगर्दा सडक बिग्रन गई दुर्घटना हुनसक्छ । मानिसले दुर्घटनाको दोष सडकलाई लगाएर आफू पन्छिन खोज्छ | मानवको सहयोगी हुँदाहुँदै पनि मानवकै सहयोगको अभावले, मानिसका गलत कृयाकलापले सडक घाइते भएको, हलचल गर्न नसक्ने अवस्थामा पुगेको र लम्पसार परेर मृत्युशैयाबाट अन्तिम इच्छा व्यक्त गरेको कुरा कवयित्री पारिजातले देखाएकी छिन्‌ ।

मान्छेहरू,
म माथि गुड, कुद, हिँड
चिप्लेटी खेल, कवाज खेल, गिर खेल
सवारीका साधनहरू र तिमीहरू पनि
रातोदिन ताँती बाँधेर गुड
छेकथुन म गर्ने होइन,
यात्रुवाहक बस र मालवाहक ट्रक
जुधाउने म होइन|
मैले भनेर ट्याङ्करले
बसलाई पास नदिएको होइन
जोगीमारा, नागढुङ्गा र कूर्लिनघाट
ओडारेभिर, लाड्रेभिर र बाँदरेभिरबाट
बस खसाल्ने म होइन बेकाल मर्ने यतिका त्रासद मृत्युहरूको म जिम्मेवार छैन मलाई गाली नगर ।

मानिसहरू रातदिन सडकमा गाडी कुदाउँछन्‌, पैदल हिँड्छन्‌, दौड आदि खेलकूद खेल्छन्‌ । केटाकेटीहरू चिप्लेटी खेल्छन्‌, सैनिकहरू बुट बजारेर कवाज खेल्छन्‌ भने युवाहरू क्रिकेट र फुटबल खेल्छन्‌ । खानेपानी, ढल निकास र सडक विभागले ठाउँठाउँमा कोट्याएर छियाछिया पार्दछ । यी सबै मानवीय अत्याचारलाई चुपचाप सहनुबाहेक अर्को विकल्प छैन । सडकमा सवारी साधन ढौडाउने प्रतिस्पर्धा चल्छ । यात्रुबाहक बस र मालबाहक ट्क तछाडमछाड गर्दै ट्राफिक नियमको वास्ता नगरी दौडिदा दूर्घटना हुन्छ । लाङ्ग्रेभिर, ओडारेभिर र बाँदरेभिरबाट गाडी पल्टिन्छन्‌, जोगीमारा, नागढुङ्गा र कुर्लिनघाटमा दुर्घटना भई मानवीय क्षति हुन्छ । अनि त मानवले यसको दोष सडकलाई दिन्छ । त्यसबेला सडकको चित्त फाट्छ तर पनि उसले हिम्मत हार्दैन । मानिसले गरेको अन्याय, अत्याचार, गाली, बेइज्यती सहेर चुपचाप बसेको छ सडक ।

सडक हुँ बाढीमा डुब्नसक्छु
सडक हुँ पहिरोले पुरिइनसक्छु
माटो ढुङ्गा पन्छाए पानीको भेल तह लगाए
फेरि देखिन सक्छु जोडिएर फेरि चालु हुनसक्छु
सडक हुँ हराउँदिनँ सडक हुँ कहिल्यै भाँचिन्नँ
मसँग यति नै अपेक्षा राख ।

सडक निर्माण गर्दा विचार नपुग्याउने हो भने बाडीको भेलले ढाकिदिन्छ, पहिरोले पुरिदिन्छ, भत्किएर खाल्टाखुल्टी पर्छन्‌ । मानवले मात्र होइन प्रकृतिले पनि सडकलाई लछारपछार गर्छु, सडकमाथि चढेर बाढी, पहिरोले अत्याचार गर्छ, बाढीको भेलको बैस घटेपछि माटोढुङ्गा पन्छाएर सडकको बलात्कृत रूप देखिन्छ । मर्मतको नाममा केही ढुङ्गागिड्ी छरेपछि सडक फेरि जोडिन्छ, चालुहुन्छ । सडक कहिल्यै हराउँदैन, भाँचन्न तर मानवले समय समयमा मर्मत नगर्ने हो भने परिन्छ, भाटिन्छ । धर्ती र पहाडबाट जन्मिएको सडक सहनशील छ द्वैर्यबान्‌ छ बनाउन जान्यो भने बलवान्‌ पनि छ । सडकले आफ्नो परिचय यसरी दिएको छ।

४. मलाई झुर सडक
खत्तम र रही सडक भन्नेहरू
आफूलाई कुखुराको गुलाफी फुल सम्झेर
सुरक्षित घुमफिर गर्नेहरू
जसलाई सोध््नुपर्ने हो उहीसँग सोध
सडक किन यस्तो भयो?
म शब्दहीन सडक बोल्दै छु ।

निर्माण गर्दा गलत प्रक्रिया अपनाउने, मर्मत नगर्ने तर रही, खत्तम, झुरजस्ता स्तरहीन शब्दले गाली गर्ने मानवीय प्रवृत्तिप्रति सडकले आक्रोश पोखेको छ । कुनै समस्यासँग जुध्न नसक्ने कुखुराका फूलजस्ता कमजोर मानिससँग सडक रिसाएको छ । चिल्लो गाडीमा वसेर सुकिलो बाटोमा गुडेन खोज्ने तर मर्मत सम्भार गर्न नसक्ने मानिसहरूसँग सडकले चित्त दुखाएको छ पानी पर्दा हिलो, घाम लाग्दा धुलो र सडकभरि ढुलैदुलो हुनुमा सडकको कुनै ढोष छैन । सुरक्षित यात्रा गर्न नपाएर सडकलाई सत्तोसराप गर्नेहरू बुझपचाएर बसेका छन्‌, आँखा भएर पनि दृष्टिविहीन बनेका छन्‌ । बुझेर पनि बुझपचाएका र मन भएर पनि मूर्ख भएका मानिसलाई सडकले सडक बिग्रिनु र दुर्घटना हुनाको कारण सम्बन्धित व्यक्तिलाई सोध्न आग्रह गरेको छ । सडक निर्माण र मर्मतका नाममा भष्टाचार गर्ने, कमिसन लिने, जनताले तिरेको करमा होली खेलेर गुणस्तरहीन काम गर्ने निकायसँग जबाफ माग्न र अफूलाई दोष नदिन आग्रह गरेको छ। गद्य शैलीमा लेखिएको यो कविता बडो मर्मस्पर्शी र व्यङ्ग्यात्मक छ । सरल भाषा र मार्मिक अभिव्यक्ति कविताको मूल विशेषता हो । भ्रष्टाचार, कमिसन, दण्डहीनता, कमजोर कानुनी व्यवस्था र गैरजिम्मेवार चालकका कारण सडकको अवस्था दयनीय बनेको कुरा उल्लेख गर्दै आफूले गल्ती गर्ने तर अरूलाई दोष लगाउने प्रवृत्तिको कडा व्यङ्ग्य गरिएको छ ।

म सडक बोल्दैछु (कविता)
पारिजात

१. परिचय

यस “म सडक बोल्दै छु' कविताका रचनाकार कवयित्री पारिजात(वि.सं.१९९४-२०५०) नेपाली साहित्यको फूलबारीमा फुलेकी सुन्दर फूल हुन्‌ । यस कवितालाई उनको मूल कृति 'बैँसालु वर्तमान' बाट साभार गरिएको हो । यस कवितामा कवयित्रीले निर्जीव सडकलाई सजीव बनाएकी छिन्‌ । वास्तवमा सडक स्थिर र निश्चल वस्तु हो । मान्छेले आफ्नै भुन र गल्तीका कारणले सडकमा अनेकौँ घटना तथा दुर्घटना गर्दछ । तर ती सबै दुर्घटनाहरूको दोष सडकमाथि थुपार्छ, यो दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण कुरा हो । मानिसले राम्रो र फराकिलो सडक बनाए त कुनै पनि दुर्घटना नै हुँदैन । त्यतातिर ध्यान नदिने मानिसको प्रवृत्ति राम्रो होइन भन्ने उनको ठहर छ । यस कवितामा मानवीय गल्तीबाट हुने सडक दुर्घटनाप्रति कत्ति पनि ध्यान नदिएको प्रति उनको ठुलो गुनासो व्यक्त भएको पाइन्छ । आफू गल्ती गर्ने तर दोष जति अरूमाथि थोपर्ने हाम्रो सामाजिक प्रवृत्तिले गर्दा सडक त के देश नै विकसित हुनसक्दैन भन्ने आशय कवितामा अभिव्यक्त भएको पाइन्छ । पहिले आफूले आफूलाई एक पटक ऐनामा हेर तब मात्र अरूलाई दोष बगाक भन्ने सन्देश यस कविताले प्रवाह गरेको पाइन्छ । यस कविताले अपराध, अन्याय र अत्याचार जानेबुझेका ठुला मान्छेले गर्ने तर त्यसको दोष जति निरीह र निमुखा जनतामाथि थोपर्ने नेपाली प्रवृत्तिमाथि तिखो व्यङ्ग्य गरेको पनि आभास हुन्छ । गद्य शैलीमा लेखिएको पारिजातको यो कविता सामाजिक सचेतना अभिवृद्धि गर्न सफल रहेको पाइन्छ ।

२.कविताको मुख्य भाव

कवायित्री पारिजातले “म सडक बोल्दै छु' कवितामा सडक आफैँले बोलेजस्तो गरी कविताको सुरुवात गरेकी छन्‌ । म सडक कसैलाई थाहै नदिई सर्पजस्तै गरी अरूलाई तर्साउने र मार्ने वस्तु होइन । म त मान्छेहरूले चट्टानलाई ब्लास्टिङ गरी फोरेर बनाएको साँगुरो र मर्मत सम्भार नगरिएको सडक मात्र हुँ। ममाथि मान्छे जतिसुकै हिँड, खेल, कुद मलाई कुनै गुनासो छैन । त्यस्तै साना ठुला सवारी साधनहरू चलाक र एक अर्कालाई उछिन मलाई कुनै पर्वाह छैन । सवारी साधन एक अर्कामा जुध्ने, भिर पाखाबाट खसाउने र अनेकौँ यात्रीहरूको अकालमा मृत्यु गराउने काम पनि मबाट भएको होइन । बेकारमा तिमीहरूले मलाई गाली गर्नुको कुनै मतलब छैन। मलाई बाढीले तहसनहस गर्न सक्छ । पहिरोले म पुरिनसक्छु तर तिमीहरूले सफा गरे सफा भइहाल्छु र मर्मत गरे राम्रो भइहाल्छु । सडक हुँ हराउँदिनँ, सडक हुँ कहिल्यै भाँचिन्नँ । मसँग यति नै अपेक्षा राख । मलाई तिमीहरूले सडक डुब्यो र सडक भत्कियो भनेर दोष लगाउनुको कुनै अधिकार छैन । मलाई झुर सडक, खत्तम र रही सडक भन्नेहरू त्यस्तै सुरक्षित यात्रा गर्न चाहनेहरू बरु सडक किन यस्तो भयो ! भन्ने कुरा जसलाई सोध्नु पर्ने हो उहीसँग सोध । मलाई मात्र सबै दोष दिएर सराप्नुको कुनै अर्थ छैन। मत बाञ्छित, थकित र शब्दहीन सडक बोल्दै छु। यस कविताले हाम्रा साना सडकलाई समयमा नै सुधार गर्ने कुरामा सबैको ध्यान पुग्नुपर्छ, यसो गर्दा धेरैलाई अकाल मृत्युबाट जोगाउन सकिन्छ, हाम्रो समाजमा रहेको “काम बिगार्ने कालु, दोष थुपार्ने भालु' वा (धान खाने मुसो चोट पाउने भ्यागुतो" प्रवृत्तिको अन्त्य हुनुपर्छ । आफ्ना गल्ती कमजोरीलाई पहिले सधार गरेर मात्र अरूलाई दोष दिनपर्छ भन्ने सन्देश दिएको छ ।

व्याख्या गर

“बेकाल मर्ने यतिका त्रासद मृत्युहरूको

म जिम्मेवार छैन मलाई गाली नगर । ”

प्रस्तुत हरफ कक्षा १० को नेपाली पाठ्यपुस्तकको “म सडक बोल्दै छु” कविताबाट साभार गरिएको हो । यस कविताका रचनाकार कवयित्री पारिजात हुन्‌ । यस कवितालाई पनि उनको मूल कृति “बैशाँलु वर्तमान” बाट निकालिएको पाइन्छ । यस कवितामा कवयित्रीले सडकमा कैयौँ मानिसको त्रासद मृत्युको कारण निर्जीव सडक नभएर मानिस नै यसको दोषी हो भन्ने प्रसङ्गमा माथिका हरफलाई व्यक्त पाइन्छ।

वास्तवमा सडक स्थिर र निश्चल वस्तु हो । मान्छेले आफ्नै भुल र गल्तीका कारणले अनेकौँ अनेकौँ घटना तथा दुर्घटना गर्दछ । मानिसहरू पक्की र पराकिलो सडक बनाउदैनन्‌ । । तर कुनै दुर्घटनामा परी अकालमा ज्यान गयो र त्रासद मृत्यु भयो भने सडक खराब भएको कारणले वा सडकमा खाल्डाखुल्डी भएको कारणले वा सडक घुमाउरो कारणले वा सडक कच्ची भएको कारणले ती सबै खाले दुर्घटनाहरूको दोष जति मानिसले सडकमाथि थुपार्छ । यो दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण कुरा हो।

मानिसले राम्रो र फराकिलो सडक बनाए त कुनै पनि दुर्घटना नै हुँदैन । त्यतातिर ध्यान नदिने मानिसको प्रवृत्ति राम्रो होइन भन्ने पक्षमा माथिको भनाइ छ । यस कवितांश मानवीय गल्तीबाट हुने सडक दुर्घटनाप्रति कत्ति पनि ध्यान नदिने उल्टो निर्जीव सडकलाई गाली गरेर पानी माथिको ओभानो हुने दुष्प्रचारप्रति व्यङग्यवाण प्रहार पाइन्छ।

यसरी माथिका हरफले आफू गल्ती गर्ने तर दोष जति अरू निमुखामाथि थोपर्ने हाम्रो सामाजिक प्रवृत्तिप्रति दुःख र निन्दा प्रकट गरेको छ । गद्य शैलीमा लेखिएको पारिजातको यो कविता सामाजिक सचेतना अभिवृद्धी गर्न सफल छ।

सर्पजस्तै सलल बगेर
कसैलाई तर्साउने म होइन ।

उत्तर : सर्पजस्तै................... म होइन ।

प्रस्तुत कवितांश कक्षा १० को नेपाली पाठ्यपुस्तकको “म सडक बोल्दै छु” कविताबाट 1 हो । यस कविताका रचनाकार कवयित्री पारिजात हुन्‌ । उनको मूल कृति 'बैँसालु वर्तमान” बाट शिकालिएको यो कवितामा सडकलाई प्रतीक बनाएर स्वार्थ र लोभमा फसेर गलत काम गर्ने र्‌ब्यसको जिम्मेबारी आफूले नलिने मानवीय प्रवृत्तिप्रति व्यङ्ग्य गरिएको पाइन्छ । यस कवितांश सडकले कसैलाई असयोग नगर्ने भएकोले सडकसँग कोही तर्सनु पर्दैन भनिएको छ।

ठूलाठूला पहाड काटेर, चट्टान फोरेर बनाइएका सडक धेरै घुम्टी परेका कारण नागबेली र लहरा वा सर्पजस्तै देखिन्छ । यस अवस्थालाई कविले थाक्रोमा बेरिएर जाने लहरो, महिलाका घाँटीमा बेरिने सल वा गुडुल्की परेको सर्प नभएको, कसैका पछि हा रकनतर्साउने बरु सबैको सहयोगी भएकोले सडकसँग कोही तर्सिनु र डराउनु पर्दैन । यो त निर्मित भौतिक रचना हो । मानिसले आफ्नो सुख सुविधाका लागि सडकको निर्माण, गरेको हो भ्रष्टाचार र कमिसनमा भुलेर मापदण्ड नपुन्याई सडक निर्माण गर्दा साँगुरो, गुणस्तरहीन घुम्टीयुक्त बनेका, समय समयमा मर्मत सम्भार नगर्दा सडक बिग्रने, भाटिने भई दुर्घदना गरेका छन्‌ तर मानिसले यो कुरा बुझेर पनि बुझपचाई दुर्घटनाको दोष सडकलाई आफू पन्छिन खोज्छ । मानवको सहयोगी हुँदाहुँदै पनि मानवकै असहयोगले, मानिसका क्रियाकलापले सडक घाइते भएको कुरा गर्दै कवयित्री पारिजातले सडकले कसैलाई होइन सबैलाई सहयोग गरेको छ भनेकी छिन्‌ ।

यसरी योजना निर्माण गर्नेदेखि सम्पन्न गर्ने अवस्थासम्म मानिसले गरेका गलत सिकार मानिसनै बन्न पुगेको तर मान्छेले आफ्नो दोष ढाकी पन्छिन खोजेको कुरा रूपमा व्यक्त गरिएको छ । गद्यलयमा लेखिएको यो कविता व्यङ्ग्यात्मक हुँदाहुँदै पनि सरल छ ।

I wandered lonely as a cloud exercise Class 10

2021-07-04T14:09:00.039+05:45

I wandered lonely as a cloud Exercise of Class 10 English solved

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Understand the poem I wandered lonely as a cloud through this presentation.

Vocabulary in use

Read the poem and fill in the crossword. Use the base forms of the words.

Across

extreme happiness: bliss

sprightly: lively

to look quickly at something or somebody: glance

to walk slowly around: wander

the state of being alone: solitude

Down

cheerful: Jocund

to move from side to side or up and down: toss

a light wind: breeze

thinking deeply about something: pensive

to look steadily at something or somebody: gaze

Match the following

I wandered lonely as a Cloud Question Answers Class 10

Read the poem and answer the following questions.

a. Who is compared with the cloud?

The lonely poet is compared with the cloud.

b. Where did the person in the poem see the Daffodils?

The person in the poem saw the Daffodils beneath the tree and beside the lake.

c. What word does the poet used to compare Daffodils with?

The poet used the word' stars' to compare with Daffodils.

d. The speaker dances with Daffodils. Why?

The speaker dances with Daffodils because it gives him pleasure.

e. What is the theme of the poem?

The theme of the poem is ' Nature and its beauty is the source of happiness.'

Put the following sentences in the correct order.

In correct order

1. The speaker was wandering alone like a floating cloud on high valleys and hills. Suddenly, is round of Golden Daffodils beside the lake, beneath the trees. They were fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

2. Those Daffodils were like stars that shine and twinkle on the Milky Way. They very stressed endlessly along the Shore. The speaker saw ten thousand daffodils tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

3. The waves beside them were also dancing but they were not as beautiful as daffodils. There he could not do anything but be happy in such a joyful company of flowers. He gazed and gazed but did not realise what wealth the scene would bring him.

4. For now, whenever he lies on his couch in a vacant or pensive mood, the memory flashes upon that inward eye; that is the bliss of solitude. Then his heart is filled with pleasure and dances with the Daffodils.

Reading II: Typhoid Fever

i. Find the word/s from the text above that give similar meaning to the following.

a. with the capacity to develop or happen in the future = potentially

b. the conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal= sanitation

c. continue after interruption= resume

d. the condition in which there is difficulty in emptying bowels= constipation

e. make (something) impure by exposure or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance = contamination

f. the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms = diagnosis

g. able to be prevented or avoided = preventable

Typhoid fever questions and answers Class 10 English

ii. Read the interview, and answer the following questions.

a. What do you mean by Typhoid fever?

Ans: Typhoid fever is a fatal infectious disease caused by bacteria called Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Parathtyphi A and B.

b. What is an infectious disease?

Ans: An infectious disease is a disease that is caused by pathogenic microorganisms.

c.What are the symptoms of Typhoid fever?

Ans: The symptoms of typhoid fever are high-grade fever, headache, body ache, loss of appetite, constipation, diarrhoea, vomiting, etc.

d.How does Typhoid fever transmit?

Ans: Typhoid fever transmits via the faecal route or the urine oral route.

e.What are the preventive measures of Typhoid fever?

Ans: The preventive measures of typhoid fever are: protection and promotion of drinking water supply, sanitation, promotion of food and personal hygiene.

Unit 11 | Expressing Preferences (Parents) | Class 10 English Notes

2021-07-04T13:50:00.040+05:45

Class 10 English Unit 11 Expressing Preferences (Parents Class 10 English Exercise)

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Supply the correct word from the box below after each definition.

a. the mind of someone continuously and to a troubling extent: obsessed

b. the activity of looking at goods displayed in shop Windows especially without intending to buy anything: windowed shopping

c. very silly or unreasonable: ridiculous

d. a large belly: stomach

e. changed or caused to change direction abruptly: swerved

f. hiding so as to wait in Ambush for someone or something: lurking

g. having or showing offensive desire: evil

h. spoke with sudden involuntary causes repeating the initial letters of words: stammered

2. Reading comprehension

i. Read the extracts given below, and answer the questions that follow.

a. “I’m not a girl ... I mean I’m not a girl for the girl ... I mean the friend

I am going to meet.”

I. Who said this and to whom?

Anuja to her father

II. What does ‘the girl’ refer to?

A particular girl. Here, Anuja's e-friend

III. What does ‘a girl’ refer to?

A common girl. Here, Anuja

b. “You see, I was right. There is no one here. The girl you chatted on the

Internet must have been a fake.”

I. Who said this and to whom?

Anuja's father to Anuja/Father to daughter

II. What does ‘you’ refer to?

Anuja

III. What happened afterwards?

Anuja's e-friend didn't appear so they left for home.

c. “You mean... You mean she saw me and...”

I. Who said this and to whom?

Anuja‟s father to his friend Dhurva.

II. What does the speaker try to say?

He tries to confirm if he was seen by his daughter's e-friend's mother.

III. What does ‘she’ refer to?

Anuja's e-friend's mother

Parents Class 10 English Question Answers

Answer the following questions:

a. Where is Anuja going?

Ans: Anuja is going to meet her e-friend.

b. What was her father's suggestion?

Ans: Her father suggestion was that people fake themselves as teenagers, chat with girls like her and seek opportunities to take advantage of innocent girls.

c. Why did Anuja tell her secret to her father?

Ans: Anuja told her secret to her father because she pretended to be a boy to the girl she was going to meet.

d. What did her father notice on other side of the road?

Ans: The father noticed with dark window parked on other side of the road.

e. Did Anuja meet her friend? Why not?

Ans: Anuja did not meet her friend because she did not come to the meeting place.

f. How did her father feel at the end?

Ans: Her father felt guilty at the end.

g. What do you think is cleverer, Anuja's father or mother of Anuja's friend?

Ans: I think the mother of Anuja's friend is cleverer because she was waiting with her daughter inside the car for the e-friend.

h. Write down the major traits of Anuja's father?

Ans: Being old, having a bald head and having a big stomach are the major traits of Anuja's father.

i.Do you think Anuja's father was caring? Why?

Ans: Yes, Anuja's father was caring because he did not allow her daughter to meet her friend alone.

iii. Read the story again, and rearrange the events in the order in which they happened.

Correct order

Anuja wants to meet her friend.
Anuja's father also goes with her.
Anuja reveals her secret to her father.
It was not easy to digest new information.
Her friend did not turn up.
Father tells his daughter not to wait for her friend for more than 10 minutes.
They returned without meeting her friend.
Instead of a boy of 13, there appeared a lecherous old man.

C. Follow-up activities

i. Complete the following diagram with the adjectives that describe Anuja. Now write a paragraph describing Anuja in about 50 words. Use the adjectives that best describe her character.

Anuja: [Adjectives: honest, truthful, trustworthy, young, immature, friendly, inventive, outgoing, extrovert, humble, etc.]

An Outgoing Anuja

Anuja is a young girl of 13. She is an honest and trustworthy girl. Since she is friendly and outgoing, she makes friends readily on the social networking sites and spends her free time chatting with them and sending them texts and messages. She is inventive and extrovert. She befriends a girl of 12 on the social sites telling her that she is a boy. Her bond with her new e-friend grows so strong that both of them plan to meet in person. Her immaturity is seen here. She doesn't think of what she will do if her e-friend comes to know that she not a boy but a girl, or if her friend turns out to be a boy. She fixes the date and time to meet her new friend. She is very excited to meet her. When she tells her father that she is meeting her e-friend, her father objects to her decision and tells her that there are fake people who look for opportunities to take advantage of innocent girls. He doesn't allow Anuja to go alone. He wants to accompany her. In the beginning Anuja doesn't like this, but later she agrees. This shows that she is also a humble girl.

ii. When you become a parent, how would you make sure that your child is not in danger? What are the possible measures that you can take in that situation?

If I become a parent I can make sure the child is not in danger by practising the following measures:

a. Know everything about the child's activities and his /her friends.

b. Place the computer in a family area of the household and do not permit private usage.

c. Monitor what the child‟s friends are posting regarding the child‟s identity.

d. Don't allow the child to play alone in the isolated area/s.

e. Tell her/him to keep a safe distance from strangers.

f. Teach him/her to refuse anything from strangers, including money, gifts or rides.

g. Tell the child to inform the parents before going anywhere.

h. Join with other concerned parents to set up safety systems for your neighbourhood.

B. Time for grammar

1. Make as many sentences as possible from the table below.

a. Purna Laxmi would like to apply for the vacant post.

b. Purna Laxmi prefers working with an educated family.

c. Purna Laxmi doesn't like earning little money.

d. Purna Laxmi likes spending time with kids.

e. Purna Laxmi enjoys spending time with kids.

f. Purna Laxmi doesn't like being dependent.

2. Write a couple of paragraphs about your likes and dislikes.

=>A couple ofparagraphs on my likes and dislikes

3. Fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’, or ‘the’ where necessary to complete the story.

Once there lived an Emperor, who was very fond of wearing x new shoes. He had a set of new shoes for every hour. He used to go riding on his horse merely to show off his shoes. He told all, “I think the best way a man can spend money is by buying shoes!” People used to think him to be a bit ridiculous. One day he wished to get the most magnificent shoes with a remarkable quality. People had never heard of such a thing before. He called a cobbler and gave a large sum of gold coins from the royal treasury to buy the finest materials. A few days passed the cobbler did not turn up. Then, he sent the Prime Minister to examine the progress. After an hour, the Prime Minister came with an empty hand. The poor emperor could not believe that he had such a liar in his kingdom.

C. Follow-up activity

Write a description of your class in about 100 words.

=>A descriptive paragraph on my class in 100 words

Class 10 English Unit 11 Expressing Preferences (Listening Audio in Youtube video given below)

Listening

A. Engage yourself

Look at the pictures, and discuss the answers to the following questions with your friends.

a. Which profession do you prefer, teaching or business? Why?

I prefer business to teaching because it is better than teaching.

b. What are the opportunities and challenges of the teaching profession?

A good teacher can earn prestige and international recognition. However, s/he has to deal with a lot of paperwork, class activities, new children and many more.

c. Which profession does Bibash prefer? Why?

He prefers teaching because he thinks it is a prestigious job and one can get international recognition too.

B. Study time

1. Listen to the conversation, and tick the correct alternatives.

a. Bibash has recently left his college.

b. Bibash has a choice between teaching and business.

c. Bibash thinks that teaching is a prestigiousjob.

d. In the past, payment was not attractive in teaching.

e. Seema prefers business because there is variety in it.

Unit 10 | Yogmaya(Describing Events) | Class 10 English Exercise

2021-07-04T13:23:00.043+05:45

Class 10 English Unit 10 Describing Events (Yogmaya Class 10 English exercise)

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Vocabulary in use.

Find the words from the text above that gives similar meaning to the following.

a. having to projecting, pointed parts=>Two pronged

b. treating people in a cruel and unfair way=>Punish

c. twist or twine together=> Intertwined

d. to remove completely or get rid of something=> Embody

e. behaviour or attitudes that so high moral standards=>Virtue

2. Match the following.

a. Utopian =>Satisfying one's conception of what is perfect, most suitable

b. Ideal => Imaginary state in which everything is perfect

c. Ultimatum => A final demand, the rejection of which will result in a retaliation or a break done in relation

d. Parity =>the state or condition of being equal, specially as regards status

e. Convention =>A large meeting or conference

f. Feminist =>A person who supports or recommends for the rights of women

3. Fill in the blanks.

a. The first target of yogmaya was cultural and religious oppression of the time.

b. Yogmaya's political campaign took place during 1930s and ended in 1940s.

c. Her poetry carries message of justice and equality.

d. Yogmaya devised to bring political strategy.

e. Her movement it went father because it included an appeal to end injustice against girls and women.

Yogmaya question answers Class 10 English

4. Answer the following questions:

a. Who is Yogmaya? Who is Manamaya?

Ans-Yogmaya is a poet, teacher and insurgent. Manamaya is the follower of Yogmaya.

b. What were the two main reasons that made Yogmaya a rebel?
Ans- The two main reasons that made Yogmaya a rebel were corruption and religious and cultural oppression.

c. What was Yogmaya's demand with the government?

Ans- Yogmaya's demand with the government was reform and justice.

d. What is Hajurbani? How is it popular?

Ans- Hajurbani is a powerful verse composed by Yogmaya.

It is popular because it reminds us about our common needs and reforment that needs to be brought by the government.

e. Why do you think Yogmaya stopped her revolt?

Ans- I think Yogmaya stopped her revolt because the government did not fulfill her demand and also her protest was round off by armies.

f. How did Yogmaya die?
Ans- Yogmaya died by jumping in the thundering current of the Arun river.

g. After Yogmaya's death, what might have been the reaction of the government?
Ans- After Yogmaya's death, the government tried their best to cover that incident and banned all mention of her.

h. What lesson did you learn from the Yogmaya text?

Ans- I learnt that we should Revolt against injustice to bring reform.

C. Follow-up activities

Do you know any social reformers of our country Nepal? Write down their important contributions.

Sankhadhar Sakhwa: A Social Reformer of Nepal

Sankhadhar Sakhwa was a great social reformer of Nepal. He paid off the debt of the Nepalese people during the reign of King Raghav Dev in 879 AD. Sakhwa was a trader. On a special day, the king of Bhaktapur sent a team of porters to Kathmandu to collect sand from a particular spot. At that time, Sankhadhar Sakhwa saw them resting with their baskets of sand. The men were taking a break before returning to Bhaktapur. Sankhadhar thought it strange that people should come all this distance just to get sand. Thinking that the sand might be special, he asked the porters to dump their load at his home, convincing them that they could always get more.

Later, Sankhadhar found gold in his sand, while the king of Bhaktapur was left with a pile of ordinary sand that his porters had dug up after the auspicious hour had passed. With that surprising gift, Sankhadhar repaid the debts of the poor peasants. In memory of the day, a new calendar of Nepal Sambat was used.

Grammar

A. Engage yourself

1. Look at the pictures below, and find what the photographer makes/gets a model to do. Match the sentences with the correct picture.

Picture A=>The photographer gets the model to stand near the tree.

Picture B=>The photographer has the model walk on the bank of the river.

Picture C=>The photographer makes the model stand on the boat.

Picture D=>The photographer has got the model to remove her sunglasses.

The verbs in italics in the above sentences are causative verbs. A causative verb is defined as a word, typically a verb, which has the meaning of someone causing someone to do something. They are: make, get and have. Some other verbs that are used as causative verbs are: allow, help, keep, let, force, etc.

B. Time for grammar

1. Make as many sentences as you can from the table below.

Ramesh has made Kiran trim his hair.

Anju got somebody to send the message.

Binita has Mina clean the table.

Sagar has had somebody clean the table.

2. Change the verbs in the following sentences into active voice.

a. English is taught in every school in the country.

=>We teach English in every school in the country.

b. My jacket was made in Thailand.

=>They made my jacket in Thailand.

c. Paper was invented by the Chinese.

=>The Chinese invented paper.

d. His interview is being televised throughout the world.

=>People are televising his interview throughout the world.

e. This street has been surfaced by the municipality.

=>The municipality has surfaced this street.

f. This problem cannot be solved by John.

=>John cannot solve this problem.

g. Have you been awarded by the university?

=>Has the university awarded you?

h. You could see that the dress was going to be washed by him.

=>You could see that he was going to wash the dress.

i. Let the assembly begun.

=>Begin the assembly.

j. Food would have been cooked by Justine.

=>Justine would have cooked food.

3. Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate relative clause.

Example: The man who is sitting on the chair is a businessman.

a. The day when we went for the school excursionis still fresh in my mind.

b. The back of the yard where the orchards stand is my favourite place.

c. President Bhandari, for whom the government asked to lead a delegate, is representing us.

d. My best friend, whose name is printed on this album, is a famous singer.

e. The town where the streets used to be bumpyhas changed a lot.

C. Follow-up activity

Complete the given conversation using appropriate expressions given in the box.

- makes us pronounce

- have somebody fix

- made us stay

- get somebody to fix

- makes us do

- made my best friend memorize

- makes us learn

- have your project work done and designed

Mother: What’s up? Is there anything wrong today?

Son: Mother, I don’t like my English language teacher. He always makes us do a lot of things.

Mother: I don’t think he’s wrong. Can you tell me in detail?

Son: He makes us learn vocabulary every day. Besides, he makes us pronounce new words from the dictionary. Mom, not only that, once, he made us stay late to complete our writing exercise. Last month, he made my best friend memorize a long poem within two days. Now, he has given us project work. How shall I do it? My computer isn’t working. It’s ridiculous, mom. How can I have somebody fix it in this short period of time?

Mother: Oh! In fact, I was also planning to got somebody fix it. But, don’t worry. You can have your project work done and designed in Cybercafe. After all, your teacher is helping you in your study differently. Take it easy, boy.

Son: OK, mom.

Listening

A. Engage yourself

Look at the following informal English words, and try to find out their meanings.

Casual forms	Standard forms
Dunno	don' know
Gonna	is/am/ are going to do
Gotta	have got
Yeah	I agree with
Info	information
Cell	mobile
Cos	because
Telly	television
loads of	a lot of

Class 10 English Unit 10 Describing Events (Listening Exercise with audio)

B. Study time

1. Listen to the telephone conversation, and fill in the blank spaces using the suitable informal forms of words from the brackets below.

(uni, gonna, dunno, yeah, loads of, info, cos, gotta)

a. I’m gonna email you again.

b. Oh, yeah!

c. Dunno! Where’s it?

d. It’s gonna be late for my college cos it’s already 8.

e. I’ve found loads of great info and stuff on the net.

2. Listen to the telephone conversation again, and answer the following questions.

a. Who are talking on the telephone?

Siblings (brother and sister) are talking on the telephone.

b. Why is the girl sending the email again?

The girl is sending the email again because the brother hasn’t received the one she had sent before.

c. What did the boy write for the magazine?

The boy wrote about the importance of the English language for the magazine.

d. From where did the boy get information to write the article?

The boy got information to write the article from the net.

e. Who does the brother meet at the university?

The brother met a guy in the bio department, possibly his sister’s classmate in the university.

Speaking

A. Engage yourself

1. Work in a pair. One of you describe any two pictures and the other write the description as your partner describes. Reverse your roles.

Picture A

Student A: This is a stadium with several layers of stairs. There are two large poles

standing to project the electricity. It is empty.

Student B: (Listens to A, and writes after him/ her.)

Picture B

Student A: This is a bookshelf in the library. There are stacks of large book arranged

systematically. A girl is choosing one book.

Student B: (Listens to A, and writes after him/ her.)

Picture C

Student A: There is a scene of a beautiful house. It has a garden in the front, and

terraced land behind it.

Student B: (Listens to A, and writes after him/ her.)

Picture D

Student A: This is a scene from an office. There is a wheelchair on which a man is

sitting facing a large office table.

Picture E

Student A: There is a mountaineer ascending a tall mountain. The man is equipped

with mountaineering customs.

Student B: (Listens to A, and writes after him/ her.)

Picture F

Student A: This is a scene of a city road. There are vehicles going on the street. There

are a hospital and a supermarket. A man is standing opposite the buildings and

observing them.

Student B: (Listens to A, and writes after him/ her.)

Picture G

Student A: This is a scene from an airport. One aeroplane is flying, whereas another is

about to fly. The airport office is visible.

Student B: (Listens to A, and writes after him/ her.)

Picture H

Student A: This is a scene of an early morning, in which the sun is just shining. It

seems the sun is coming out of a lake, as it fully reflects into the water.

Student B: (Listens to A, and writes after him/ her.)

B. Time for speaking

2. Look at the pairs of pictures which describe different events and situations. Describe each pair using who, whose, whom, that, which, etc. Say at least three sentences for each of them. One has been done for you.

a. The small beautiful town, which was very peaceful and attractive, has been expanded into

a large downtown these days. Now it can be a crowded and exotic city. People who want to cross the road find it really difficult there.

b. The man who is planting flower seedlings in the first picture is watering them. The plant,

which grew so fast, however, is not giving much yield.

c. The girl who is sitting on the last bench is Manisha. She is very good at her studies. Along with studies, she plays football too. She played well yesterday with the boys which didn’t surprise me.

d. Do you see the banana peel lying on the road? The man, who threw it, is Min. It was ironic that he slipped on the same banana peel.

e. The children, who are learning computer classes, are from humble background. Theirparents are farmers, who can barely fulfill all the expenses need for a good life.

f. The boy wants to play in such a place where no one disturbs him. The place, where he goes for play, is usually far off. The boy also has a sister, who has to climb to the top of a ladder to call her brother.

C. Follow-up activity

Work in a pair, and find out at least four differences in the following pictures.

Picture A: The dog is in front of the table.

Picture B: The blanket is a spotted one.

Picture A: There is a photograph hanging on the wall.

Picture B: The view from the window has a scene of trees.

Writing

A.Before you write

Go through the guidelines below and prepare your outline to write a description of a place.

Introduction: Your destination Where is it? How do we reach there?

Body paragraph-1 : Purpose of the visit religious significance natural sites historical significance personal interest

Body paragraph-2: Your findings/observation What do you see, hear, taste, smell and feel?

Conclusion Why should people visit this place?

B. Time for writing

Read the description of Devghat, and write a similar type of description of the place you are familiar with based on the information that you have collected in exercise.

Bhaktapur Durbar Square

Bhaktapur Durbar Square is located in the current town of Bhaktapur. This city is also known as Bhadgoan, which lies 13 km east of Kathmandu. The complex consists of at least four distinct squares: Durbar Square, Taumadhi Square, Dattatreya Square and Pottery Square, the whole area is informally known as Bhaktapur Durbar Square.

The Durbar Square houses the 55-window Palace which was constructed by King Jitamitra Malla and was home to royalty until 1769. It is now a national gallery. Close by is the Golden Gate which leads into Mulchok Court which is home to the Taleju Temple. This temple, like others in the main towns of the Kathmandu Valley is dedicated to the goddess Taleju Bhawani and includes shrines to both Taleju Bhawani and Kumari. Entrance to the temple is restricted to Hindus and the living goddess strictly cannot be photographed.

The Durbar Square at Bhaktapur was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1934. At first, there were 99 courtyards attached to this place, but now only 6 remain. Before the earthquake, there were 3 separate groups of temples. Currently, the square is surrounded by buildings that survived the quake.

Bhaktapur Durbar Square has great historical and cultural importance. It has been proved a great tourism spot of Nepal as it is visited by thousands of foreign visitors every year. It is a good source of income for our government. If such places are preserved, they can be a great treasure for the nation. The surrounding of Bhaktapur Durbar Square is densely populated that has adverse effects on the site. So the government must take some steps to control it. Local people should be more careful about the cleanliness of the surrounding. People must be aware of the cultural and historical importance.

A Scary secret of two sisters :Class 10 English Exercise

2021-07-04T13:04:00.049+05:45

A scary Secret of Two Sisters Exercises of Class 10 English solved

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Solve the following Crossword Puzzle using the words from the text above.

Across

4. covered with gravel=> gravelled

6. grabbing; stealing=>snatching

8. sook slightly because you are frightened=>shivered

Down

1. disappeared suddenly=>vanished

2. stupid or careless mistake=>blunder

3. containing furniture=>furnished

5: a violent person, specially a criminal=>thug

7: said something in a low voice=>growled

Find the words from the text above which describe the following noun:

a. street=>gravelled

b. thought=>tall; yanky

Reading comprehension.

Choose the best alternative and fill in the blanks.

a. The weather was pleasant while they were travelling.

b. The sisters did not like the lodge because it was dirty.

c. The thug said," Give me your chain."

d. My sister said," We won't."

e. The two sisters long to be obedient after that accident.

A scary secret of two sisters question answer

Read the text and answer the following questions.

a. Where did the two sisters go to spend their vacation?
Ans: The two sisters went to the home town of their grandparents to spend their vacation.

b. What did they decide to do in the absence of their parents?
Ans: They decided to go out of the lodge in absence of their parents.

c. Why did they go out of the lodge?
Ans: They went out of the lodge because both of them disliked it.

d. What happened when they reached the street?
Ans: When they reached the street, accidentally stepped out of the bus.

e. What important lesson did they learn from their mistakes?
Ans: They learnt to obey their elders from their mistakes.

f. Why did they decide not to say that scary incident to anyone?
Ans: They decided not to say that scary incident to anyone because they would be punished even though they had learnt a lesson.

g. What lesson did you learn from this text?
Ans: I learnt to be more obedient from this text.

iii. Imagine you are the narrator’s sister. Write your experience in your own words.

My sister and I decided to go to our grandparent's hometown to spend our vacation. On the way, we had to stay at a lodge that was neither cosy nor clean. We wanted to stay somewhere else but there were no such places. Thus we had no option. As soon as we unpacked our luggage, my grandparents went outside warning us not to go out. We had already made a plan to go out and as soon as our grandparents went out, we went out of the lodge. As we reached a gravelled street, a thug came and looted us. We were frightened and decided not to tell anyone about the incident. Thus, we learnt a lesson that we must listen to the elder people because they have plenty of experience and knowledge.

Grammar

A. Engage yourself

Though, although, even though, despite, in spite of, however, etc. are examples of contrastive conjunctions. They link two ideas that are considered to be different. In other words, they are used to contrast one idea with another where one piece of information appears to be surprising or unexpected in view of the other idea.

B. Time for grammar

1. Choose the best alternative, and fill in the blanks.

a. Although a huge amount of money has been poured into literacy programmes, literacy levels do not appear to be improving. (Although, In spite of, However)

b. Although she was very popular, she didn’t win the election. (Although, Despite, In spite of)

c. In spite of her busy time schedule, she completed her task on time (However, In spite of, Though)

d. Despite the fact that they were very shy, they gave a wonderful presentation. (However, Despite, Whereas)

e. Even though harmful effects are well known, people continue to pollute. (Despite, Although, Even though)

f. In spite of the fact that I had no money, the shopkeeper gave me a pen. (In spite of, Though, Whereas)

g. Although it was raining, I didn’t carry a raincoat. (Although, Despite, In spite of)

2. Match the affirmative sentences of Column A with their negative sentences of Column B.

Column A

Column B

It is a pathetic condition.

They were reporting to the police.

He has quit his bad habit.

She always makes a fuss about it.

The cat will prey on mice.

A boy threw a ball over his head.

Move it from here.

Some of them were absent on the first day.

Either Nitesh or Nripesh appreciates her.

They will break the ice in the right time.

Kiran has some problems.

It is not a pathetic condition.

They were not reporting to the police.

He has not quit his bad habit.

She never makes a fuss about it.

The cat won’t prey on mice.

A boy did not throw a ball over his head.

Do not move it from here.

None of them were absent on the first day.

Neither Nitesh or Nripesh appreciates her.

They won’t break the ice in the right time.

Kiran does not have any problem.

3. Change the following sentences as directed in brackets.

Example:

a. It is a pleasant morning. (Interrogative)

=> Is it a pleasant morning?

b. Do you know anyone called Pankaj? (Statement)

=> You know someone called Pankaj.

a. Can she speak Japanese? (Statement)

=>She can speak Japanese.

b. I did not see anybody in the park. (Interrogative)

=>Did you see somebody in the park?

c. I haven't submitted my assignment yet. (Affirmative)

=>I have already submitted my assignment.

d. The man walked slowly towards the door. (Negative)

=>The man did not walk slowly towards the door.

e. Is there anyone hiding in the cave? (Statement)

=>There is someone hiding in the cave.

f. Neither of the girls completed their work. (Affirmative)

=>Both the girls completed their work.

g. John usually plays with his dog in the garden. (Interrogative)

=>John never plays with his dog in the garden.

h. Do you know the way to his house? (Statement)

=>I know the way to his house.

i. This gave him a deep and lasting pleasure. (Negative)

=>This did not give him a deep and lasting pleasure.

Read the conversation below, and create a similar type of conversation using different types of sentences.

Mr. Affirmative: Guys, I’m positive. Who are you?

Mr. Negative: I’m not positive like you. I’m neither exclamatory nor affirmative. Guess who am I.

Mr. Affirmative: You’re a friend of no and never.

Mr. Interrogative: Are you making fun of Negative? Why are you irritating him?

Mr. Imperative: Please, calm down, Interrogative. Don’t be angry.

Mr. Exclamatory: What a discussion! Mr. Affirmative: I’m just kidding.

=>Mr. Exclamatory: Wow! What a beautiful morning!

Mr. Affirmative: I agree with you. It's really beautiful.

Mr. Negative: I don't think so. It isn't warm and clear.

Mr. Imperative: Stop your arguments. Let's go back to school.

Mr. Affirmative: We are getting late for school. We should be on time.

Mr. Negative: Can't you walk a bit faster ?! I don't want to be punished.

Class 10 English Unit 9 Expressing Unexpected Results (Listening Exercise with audio file)

Listening

Look at the picture and guess the answers to the following questions

a. Can you identify the above symbols?

Yes, we can. They are Braille alphabets.

b. Who might use them?
Visually impaired people use them.

c. When was Louis Braille born?
Louis Braille was born in 1809.

B. Study time

1. Listen to the biography of Louis Braille, and answer the following questions.

a. When did Louis lose his eyesight?
Louis lost his eyesight at the age of 3.

b. Who did Louis develop the tactile writing system for?
Louis developed the tactile writing system for visually impaired people.

c. What is the maximum number of raised dots in the Braille Cell?
The maximum number of raised dots in Braille Cell is 6.

d. From whom was Braille inspired to develop the Brailee system?
Braille was inspired to develop the Braille system from captain Charle's Barbier.

e. What killed Louis Braille?
Lung infection killed Louis Braille.

2. Listen to the biography again, and rearrange the following sentences in the order they occurred in the audio.

a. Braille replaced the system, ‘night writing’.
b. He was born in 1809.
c. The Braille System was modified time and again.
d. At the age of 15, Louis Braille developed the Braille System.
e. His system became a part of the institute curriculum.

In correct order
a. He was born in 1809.
b. At the age of 15, Louis Braille developed the Braille system.
c. Braille replaced the system of 'night writing.'
d. His system became a part of the institute curriculum.
e. The Braille system was modified time and again.

Make as many sensible sentences as you can from the table below.

Despite

In spite of

Although

Though

Even though

her wealth

she was poor

she was sick

I emailed her

she was ill

her hard labour

the heavy rain

she has not replied me.

she was awarded grade C.

she did not go to see the doctor.

she went to the office.

she did not expect help from other.

she did not get the expected results.

she never wore gold jewellery.

=> Possible Sentences are:

a. Despite her wealth, she never wore gold jewellery.

b. Despite her hard labour, she did not get the expected result.

c. In spite of her wealth, she never wore gold jewellery.

d. In spite of her hard labour, she did not get the expected result.

e. Despite the heavy rain, she went to the office.

f. In spite of the heavy rain, she went to the office.

g. Although she was poor, she did not expect help from other.

h. Though she was sick, she did not go to see the doctor.

i. Although she was sick, she went to the office.

j. Even though I emailed her, she has not replied me.

k. Although she was ill, she went to the office.

l. Even though she was ill, she did not go to see the doctor.

Writing

A. Engage yourself

Look at the diagram below, and collect information about your travel experience with the help of the clues given.

Write a travel experience including interesting information and exciting experience. You may use the above information.

My Trip to Ilam

Our school was closed for summer vacations from 15th May. It was very hot in Biratnagar. My parents decided to go to Ilam. I too accompanied them. We packed our luggage and got ready for the journey. We reached there in the afternoon and put up at a hotel.

Ilam is one of the best hill stations in Nepal. It may be called the queen of hill-station. It has many beauty spots. The next day, after breakfast, we were crowded with tourists from different parts of the country. People were making all sorts of purchases. After lunch, we went to tea gardens.

Ilam has a healthy climate. The mountain slopes are covered with green tea gardens which present a caring sight at sunset and look very grand. The morning and evening hours are very pleasant. A cool breeze sets up and refreshes the mind. It makes one forget the oppressive heat of the plains.

I felt happy in the company of nature. The bright-hued flowers, the clouds sailing across the sky and the snow-covered peaks of the high mountains in the distance filled my heart with joy. I returned to Jhapa reluctantly. The memory of my visit to Ilam is still fresh in my mind.

The road not taken Exercise Class 10

2021-07-04T12:42:00.032+05:45

The Road Not Taken Poem Exercise Class 10 and Question Answer from the Textbook

Background of the poet Robert Frost

Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. One of the most popular and critically respected American poets of the twentieth century, Frost was honoured frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1960 for his poetic works. On July 22, 1961, Frost was named poet laureate of Vermont.

Background of the poem "The Road Not taken"

"The Road Not Taken" is a poem about someone trying to decide which road s/he is going to take on a stroll through the woods. It is a poem about the journey of life. The two roads diverged in a yellow wood forest symbolise a person‟s life. The narrator‟s choice about which road to take represents the different decisions we sometimes must make and how those decisions affect our future. Frost is making the connection between life and travelling. Frost captures the uncertainty about making decisions. In the poem, the poet tries to encourage readers to overcome the fear of the unknown: someone must be the first person to try a new thing.

The Road not taken poem exercise Class 10

Match the following words with their meanings.

Diverged=> Branched away

Wood=> Forest

Undergrowth=> Shrubs; a mass of bushes

Claim=>Demand

Sigh=> Deep and long breath

Trodden=>Walked on

Bent=>Curved

Hence=> From now on

Fill in the blanks using suitable words from the box. You may need to use one word twice.

The poem is about a dilemma that the speaker has faced. He has choices between two roads. He compares both the roads. He takes a long time to take the final decision. It is difficult for him. Finally, he chooses a less travelled road that has made a difference in his life

Find the rhyming words of given words alone

wood=>stood

fair=>wear

day=>lay

sigh=>by

The road not taken poem question and answers Class 10

Read the poem again and answer the following questions:

a. Who is the speaker in this poem?

=> A Traveller is the speaker in this poem.

b. Where is the speaker standing in this poem?

=>The speaker is standing between two roads diverged in a yellow wood in this poem.

c. Why does he stop there for a long time?

=>He stops there for a long time because he is unable to decide which road to travel.

d. Why is he in a dilemma?

=>He is in a dilemma as he must choose one path and is unable to decide which one to choose.

e. Which road does he choose to travel?

=>He chooses a less travelled road to travel.

f. Why does he leave the other one?

=>He leaves the other one to travel it another day.

g. Is the speaker optimistic? How can you say this?

=> Yes, the speaker is optimistic as he says he has made the right decision huge difference in his life.

h. Do you think he has made the right decision?

=> Yes, I think he has made the right decision because it brought a huge difference in his life.

i. What do you think "the roads" refer to?

=> The roads refer to the journey of life and the opportunities we get in our life.

j. What is the central idea of this poem?

=> The central idea of this poem is that we must be able to take the right decision at the right time which changes our way of life.

C. Follow-up activities

1. Have you ever been in a situation like the speaker of the poem ‘The Road Not Taken’ has been? Share it with your class.

=>Yes, I have been in such a dilemma many times in my life. The major one was that when I had to choose between two schools. My father wanted me to study at the school near my house where I could help my parents when I had leisure time. But I wanted to go to the nearest city which is almost two hours walk from my house, and I had to stay there in a rented house. I finally chose a school in the city. I missed my friends, old school and many more. Though I was in a dilemma, my decision has made everything different now.

2. Recite the poem in a group and paraphrase it.

The Road not taken poem Class 10 Summary

=>The Road Not Taken is a poem about life and all the choices you make. Frost's masterpiece is the quintessence of the iceberg principle and has so much meaning behind it.

He knows that both roads have an equal reputation and that either road will be a good choice. He realized that upon choosing a road he would never be able to choose the other one. In life, everyone gets chances and options but people don't always get the opportunity to change their decision. Also, people can't tell their future and how everything will turn out. People can only anticipate so far into the future. This is the reason that the traveller must ponder on what path to take in life.

Life can give a person these choices at any time, and the traveller knew that either path would lead him to a different life. He would never be the same person after making choices in life.

The road was not less travelled by! It was simply the choice that a person makes the person. The difference could be anything. The traveller could be anyone, but he was telling you a story that changed his personality.

3. What message do you think the poet wants to convey to the readers?

=>The main theme of the poem, "The Road Not Taken," is that human beings are confronted with and defined by the choices they make.

Unit 8 | Human Trafficking | Class 10 English exercise

2021-07-04T12:10:00.022+05:45

Class 10 English Unit 8 Asking for reasons, purposes and their responses (Human Trafficking Class 10 English Exercise)

Find the words are phrases from the text above that give a similar meaning of the following.

a. A topic that has a strong impact on all and that must receive special attention

=> cross-cutting

b. sexual abuse of children and youth

=> sexual exploitation

c. Extending across National boundaries

=> Transnational

d. A person who engages in sexual activity for payment

=>Prostitute

e. Treatment of a person or group is insignificant

=> Marginalisation

f. Left by husband

=> Deserted

g. Exposed to the possibility of being harmed

=>Vulnerable

h. A telephone service providing help with problems

=> Helpline

2. Reading comprehension

I. Read the text, and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

a. Traffickers target is only girls and women.

=> False

b. Human trafficking is a burning issue.

=> True

c. Victims get a better job and on better when they are recruited.

=> False

d. The nearest family members may have smugglers.

=> True

e. Rich and developed countries are free from human trafficking problems.

=>False

Human Trafficking Question Answers Class 10 English

Answer the following questions:

1. What do you mean by human trafficking?
Human trafficking is an illegal trade of humans for sexual exploitation, forced labour, etc.

2. Who are prone to trafficking?
People with low income, deserted wives, children, members of split families, etc are prone to trafficking.

3. How do traffickers victimize the targeted people?
Traffickers victimize the targeted people by providing economic incentives and financial loans to their friends family or even parents.

4. Human trafficking is another form of slavery. Do you agree or disagree why?
Yes, I agree that human trafficking is another form of slavery because victims of human trafficking are treated like slaves.

5. Unlike common people victims life is different. Justify it with an example.
Unlike common people victim's life is different because common people have the freedom to enjoy their fundamental rights but victims of human trafficking are not able to enjoy their rights. The victims are compelled to involve in slavery-like practices. They are not taken care of when they are sick.

iii. On the basis of the understanding of the text, complete the following table.

Who are easily trafficked?

How do they get trafficked?

What do they do after trafficking?

illiterate, people from low income households, ethnic minorities, refugees, illegal migrants, street children, members of split families, women of forced marriage and early marriage, deserted wife, widows, discriminated daughters and victims of earthquakes, floods, wars and epidemics

promise of better job, well paid job in cities, false marriages and proposals, easy money, dream of sophisticated life, etc.

domestic work, work as prostitutes, beg, work in factory, work in mine, perform in circus and work as child soldiers

C. Follow-up activities

1. Work in a small group. Prepare a colourful poster about human trafficking. Write a few catchy slogans to bring awareness to common people of your locality, and paste it on the display board.

2. List any five institutions or organisations that are combating against human trafficking. Write a success story of any one of them.

There are many such institutions/organizations all over the world, five of them are listed below:

1. Maiti Nepal

2. Alliance Anti Trafic(AAT), France

3. Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART), Kenya

4. Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking, Los Angeles

5. FIGHT – Fight Global Human Trafficking, Germany

Maiti Nepal-fighting human trafficking

Maiti Nepal, a non-profit organization, was founded by Anuradha Koirala in 1993. This organization is dedicated to addressing the human rights crisis of girl sex trafficking. So far it has helped rescue or prevent the trafficking of over 20,000 girls into the brothels of India and Tibet. The organization provides homes for the survivors of trafficking. It also provides educational support to children and women who have a desire for learning. Furthermore, it provides psychological counselling, support, and life skills to girls/women who are at risk of being trafficked.

The main activity of this organization is to rescue girls by setting up a team of survivors of trafficking. The organization also organizes several activities including awareness campaigns regarding sex trafficking, rescue operations for the trafficked women and girls, apprehending traffickers, providing legal support to the needy, women empowerment programmes, and providing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to HIV infected children and women.

As the founder and director of Maiti Nepal, Anuradha Koirala had received the Courage of Conscience Award from The Peace Abbey in Sherborn, Massachusetts on August 25, 2006. She won the CNN Hero of the Year award in 2010. The United States government has given a two-year grant of $500,000 to Maiti Nepal in April 2010. Recently she has been bestowed Padma Shri Award 2017 by the Honourable President of India Mr Pranab Mukherjee for her exemplary Social Work. Anuradha Koirala is the only foreigner to be bestowed Padma Shri Award, the fourth highest civilian award of India. Until now, Anuradha Koirala has received over 30 national and international awards for her courageous acts and lifetime achievement furthering the cause of children's and women's rights.

Source

Grammar

Engage yourself

Read the following sentences extracted from the text above, and underline the conjunctions of cause and purpose/reason. Such as because, because of, so that, for, to/in order to, therefore, etc.

a. They are smuggled because they are forced to work as prostitutes, domestic servants, beggars, factory workers, mine workers, circus performers, child soldiers, and others.

b. In order to deceive, first, they get the help of local people to identify such families.

c. It isbecause they can be physically and sexually abused.

d. The majority of trafficking victims are women and children because oftheir marginalisation in many societies and their limited economic resources.

B. Time for grammar

1. Read the conversation, and fill in the blanks with appropriate connectives given in the brackets below. You may use a connective more than once.

because, because of, so that, for, in order to, to, therefore, as

Mother: Today, I‟m going to take you forshopping. What do you want to buy? It‟s, therefore, I need to carry enough money to meet your demands.

Son: I want to buy an Xbox. It‟s for playing games. It‟s also meant for gaming, watching videos and surfing the net.

Daughter: For me, I need a party dress so thatI can attend my best friend‟s birthday party. Next, I want to buy a handbag to match with my dress. If you don‟t mind, I will buy shoes forcasual wear as well.

Father: I‟m planning to buy a fridge becauseit preserves foods for a long time.

Mother: That‟s all for today because of load shedding our credit cards might not work. Therefore, I am taking hard cash with me. Is that ok?

2. Rearrange the following word/s to form meaningful sentences.

a. the noisy party/because of/got angry/Pemba’s neighbour.

=>Because of the noisy party, Pemba‟s neighbour got angry. OR

Pemba‟s neighbour got angry because of the noisy party.

b. started/training/in order to/beautician/become/Krishna/a/at beauty centre/a

=>Krishna started training in order to become a beautician at beauty centre. OR

In order to become a beautician at beauty centre, Krishna started a training.

c. the zoo/visit/I/so that/observe/of wild animals/activities/can/I.

=>I visit the zoo so that I can observe the activities of wild animals.

d. is/used/sharpener/pencil/a/sharp/to/A.

A pencil sharpener is used to sharp a pencil.

e. practice/improve/to/I/a lot/mathematics/my/I /so that/secure/can/marks/better.

=>I practise a lot so that I can improve my mathematics to secure better marks.

f. because of/sore throat/chronic/continue/his class/could not/he

=>He could not continue his class because of chronic sore throat.

C. Follow-up activity

Use appropriate connectives to complete the application letter given below.

Lazimpat 5 June, 2016

The Class Teacher,

Nandi Ratri School, Naxal, Kathmandu

Dear Sir,

I am writing this application to request a leave of absence for seven days starting from 6 June. It is because of a knee injury.

Yesterday while I was returning home from school, I had an accident. A motorbike coming from the opposite direction slipped and somersaulted nearby an electric pole because/as it was at a great speed. The bike rider fell off the bike and banged into me. I had a deep cut on my knees. [Therefore,] The doctor has advised me to take a complete rest, and take medicine for a week. Therefore, I request you to grant me a week's leave.

I assure you that I will complete all the assignments given during my absence as soon as I join my regular class. Therefore, I request you to grant me a week's leave.

Thanking you.

Yours faithfully,

Amulya Rana Magar

Grade 10

Nandi Ratri School

Listening

A. Engage yourself

Look at the notice, and guess the answers to the questions below.

a. Why do some children smoke?

The leading figure denotes the lungs of a human, and the figure following denotes a lit cigarette.

b. What kind of diseases can smoking cause?

It probably suggests that once a person is addicted to smoking, he/she cannot give it up easily.

B. Study time

a. Listen to the conversation, and answer the following questions.

a. What is the main reason for smoking by children?

The main reason for smoking by children is that they copy their parents, relatives or neighbours.

b. What makes the arteries contract?

The nicotine inhaled in the course of smoking makes the arteries contract

c. Write any two types of cancer caused by smoking.

Lung cancer, stomach cancer and mouth cancer (write any two).

d. What does C stand for in COPD?

C stands for Chronic in COPD.

e. Who starts smoking in the name of fashion?

Youngsters start smoking in the name of fashion.

2. Listen to the conversation again, and tick (√) the reasons for smoking that are mentioned in the audio. One has been done for you.

a. Imitation of the elders √

b. Bad company

c. Considering smoking as a mature activity √

d. Peer pressure√

e. Influence of the TV

f. Pressure of the elders

g. Influence of the cinema√

h. Impact of advertisements

j. Lack of knowledge

C. Follow-up activity

Do you agree with the reasons for smoking that are given in the conversation? What other reasons do you think there might be? Discuss in pairs and list them.

=> Some other possible reasons for smoking:

Smoking is an addiction
Smoking gives them pleasure.
For social integration
They enjoy smoking
To feel relaxed
To remove stress

C. Follow-up activity

1. Prepare a speech on one of the following topics, and deliver it to the class.

a. Human Trafficking as a serious problem

Human Trafficking as a serious problem Human trafficking is just another name for modern-day slavery. The trafficked victims are forced into labour and sexual exploitation. Every year several women and children are trafficked across national borders.

Most human trafficking victims are actually tricked into the trade by the false promises made regarding job opportunities. Many girls are trapped with the bait of false marriages. Human trafficking has robbed people of their right of freedom. The impact of human trafficking is frightening. Although the brunt of it is faced by the victims, the nation suffers as a whole.

b. Causes of global warming and its effects

Our country shows alarming rates of human trafficking. Many women and children are trafficked for forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. No crime can be worse than this. Causes of global warming and its effects Global Warming is defined as the increase of the average temperature on Earth. As the Earth is getting hotter, disasters like hurricanes, droughts and floods are getting more frequent. The major causes of global warming are an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and deforestation. The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is mainly from fossil fuel emissions. Further deforestation increases the seriousness of global warming. All living plants and trees store carbon in them. When these plants die and decay, carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere. Nowadays forests and grasslands are cleared for various purposes, and as such enormous amounts of stored carbon enter the atmosphere and increases global temperatures.

This increase in global temperatures is causing a wide range of changes. Sea levels are rising due to the melting of land ice. Amounts and patterns of rainfall are changing. The Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns have given rise to extreme heatwaves, droughts and floods. Other effects of global warming include higher or lower agricultural productions, reduced summer stream flows, changes in ecosystems, species extinctions and many more.

Writing

A. Engage yourself

Read this letter to the Editor of the Rising Nepal which was published on April 10, 2016, on terrible traffic jams.

April 10, 2016

The Editor,

The Rising Nepal,

Kathmandu, Nepal

Dear Sir,

These days traffic jam is very common in Kathmandu. One cannot reach his/her destination on time due to the traffic jams on the road. Recently, it took me an hour to drive to Kalimati from New Baneshwor. It was a frustrating experience as the road was jam-packed with motorbikes, taxis, buses and cars. Water and oil tankers were also there to obstruct the route.

During the tiresome journey, I noticed four causes of the traffic jam. First, the motorcyclists tend to overtake every vehicle by violating the lane rules and obstructing the route of the vehicles coming from the opposite direction. As a result, traffic jams occur.

Secondly, the motorcyclists and taxi drivers cross the busy road from anywhere they like and sometimes they take minutes to cross the road. This causes a jam on all lanes and in both directions.

Thirdly, the public buses cause jams as the helpers instruct the drivers to stop the buses wherever they see a passenger waiting by the roadside. The traffic police look on helplessly as so many rules are broken.

The road widening works also lead to jams as we can see heaps of soil, sand and other construction materials including big drain pipes kept by the side of the already congested road. If these shortcomings are corrected, I think the problem of traffic jams would be addressed to some extent.

Yours sincerely,

Bhup Poudel

Kathmandu

B. Time for writing

Write a letter to the editor of a national daily on any one of the following problems.

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Impact of Covid-19 on Education Nepali Essay in [300words] - शिक्षा क्षेत्रमा कोरोनाको नकारात्मक प्रभाव निबन्ध

2021-07-03T22:10:00.000+05:45

शिक्षा क्षेत्रमा कोरोनाको नकारात्मक प्रभाव निबन्ध(Impact of Covid-19 on Education Nepali Essay)

Click here to get the 👉 Nepali essay on "Impact of Covid 19 on Education in Nepal Nepali Essay"

Introduction to Coronavirus

Coronavirus is a contagious disease that is transmitted from one person to another. It is called an epidemic because it spreads easily in human society and is difficult to prevent once it has spread. Its transmission began around the city of Wuhan in China's Huawei province and spread around the world. Some people have common symptoms like cold, tasteless headache, fever, diarrhoea, etc. Some people have pneumonia, kidney failure and other life-threatening symptoms.

Corona's influence on education

One year after the outbreak, the effects have not stopped. Its infection is spreading even faster. The coronavirus has negatively affected not only the health sector but also many other sectors, including the education sector. Students are unable to go to school due to fear of spreading corona infection. Physical reading has not been possible. Many schools are closed. Although online education is being conducted in urban areas by making good use of communication media, it has not become profitable due to a lack of technology and resources. However, due to the geography and remote location in the hilly areas, they have not been able to conduct online classes due to a lack of media. Similarly, physical education is not possible as schools have been turned into isolation centres. The level of education is declining day by day. Even the students have become lazy due to a lack of reading and writing skills. As the examination could not be conducted in such a dire situation, the learning of the students could not be measured. Despite the increase in the number of education, there has been no qualitative increase. Corona is in danger of wasting the academic session itself.

Conclusions with measures to eliminate the impact of Corona on education

Thus, the infection of coronavirus has had a very bad effect on the education sector and if it is not weakened in time, the country is likely to lag behind due to the lack of a leader in development. Therefore, even though the situation is negative, it seems necessary to make education effective by adopting alternative methods. Even if this is not possible, homework can be taught as learning.

References taken and adapted from: Asia Pacific, Volunteers Initiative Nepal Organization, UNICEF

👇Impact of COVID 19 on Education in Nepal Nepali Essay👇

मिडिया साक्षरताको महत्व निबन्ध -Importance of Media Literacy Nepali Essay (500words)

2021-07-03T16:25:00.000+05:45

मिडिया साक्षरताको महत्व निबन्ध-For all classes

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मिडिया साक्षरता भनेको के हो ?(What is media literacy?)

मिडिया भनेको लेख, दृश्य र भिडियोमार्फत सूचना, जानकारी तथा समाचार प्रवाह गर्ने विधुतीय साधन तथा डिजिटल सामाग्रीहरू हन्‌ । रेडियो, टेलिभिजन, मोबाइल फोन, पत्रपत्रिका, इन्टरनेट आदि सबै मिडियाभित्र पर्दछन्‌ । साक्षरता शब्दले प्राय: पढने र लेख्ने क्षमतालाई जनाउँछ । पढ्ने साक्षरता र मिडिया साक्षरतामा खासै फरक छैन, दुबै उस्ताउस्तै हुन्‌ । सरल भाषामा भन्नुपर्दा मिडिया साक्षरता भनेको मिडियाले प्रवाह गर्ने समाचार, जानकारी तथा सन्देशहरूलाई विश्लेषण, समालोचना र बुभ्नसक्ने क्षमता हो । प्राप्त समाचारको विश्लेषण र मूल्यङ्कन गरी सत्यता पत्ता लगाउनसक्ने योग्यता हो । अमेरिकामा अवस्थित मिडिया साक्षरताको राष्ट्रिय आयोगले यसलाई अझ विस्तारमा मिडियाको विश्लेषण, मूल्याङ्कन तथा सिर्जना गर्न सक्ने कार्य क्षमताको रूपमा परिभाषित गरेको छ । मिडिया साक्षरताको प्रावधान ल्याउने व्यक्ति जोन एम कुल्किन हुन्‌ । सन्‌ १९२८मा मिडिया साक्षरता सम्बन्धी पाठ्यक्रम सुचारु गरेर उनले मिडिया साक्षरताको प्रावधान अगाडि सारेका हुन्‌ ।

मिडिया साक्षरता को आवश्यक्ता-Need of media literacy

Image Credit:UNICEF Nepal

आज हाम्रो संसार सारै तिव्र गतिमा चलिरहेको छ । विश्व क्षणक्षणमा बदलिरहेको छ । विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि आजभन्दा भोलि भोलिभन्दा पर्सि झनभन्दा झन ठूला चमत्कारहरू गरिरहेको छ । विज्ञान र प्रविधिको विकासका कारण मिडिया तथा सूचना प्रविधिले समेत व्यापकता ग्रहण गरेको छ । आजको व्यस्त समयमा छिटो छरितो सूचना, जानकारी तथा सन्देशहरू प्राप्त गर्न बच्चादेखि बुढा र बृुढादेखि युवा सबै उमेर समूहका मानिस मिडियामा भर पर्न थालेका छन्‌ । सूचना तथा जानकारीहरूमा के देखाउन, कस्ता कुराहरू देखाउने, कसरी देखाउने, कसको पक्ष विपक्ष लिने सब मिडियाको हातमा छ । मिडियासँग हाम्रो साँचाइ, बुझाइ, भावनामाथि नियन्त्रण र त्यसलाई परिवर्तन गर्न सक्ने नराम्रो शक्ति छ । यसले हाम्रो व्यक्तिगत जीवन, सामाजिक जीवन ,राष्ट्र र विश्वलाई समेत नराम्रो प्रभाव पार्न सक्छ । त्यसैले झुटा तथा तथ्यहीन समाचारहरूलाई हाम्रो मन मस्तिष्कमा हावी हुन नदिनका लागि आज मिडिया साक्षरता नामक चाँवीको आवश्यक्ता परेको हो ।

डिजिटल मिडिया तथा सूचना प्रविधिको यस युगमा मिडिया साक्षरता हरेक व्यक्ति र देशका लागि अति आवश्यक बनेको छ । सबै नेपालीको हातहातमा मोबाइल फोन, घरघरमा टेलिभिजन र नपालका दुर्गमभन्दा दर्गम ठाउँमा पनि इन्टरनेटजस्ता मिडियाको पहँच पुगेकाले नेपाल र नेपालीका लागि पनि मिडिया साक्षरता नभई नहुने अपरिहार्य चिज बनेको छ । त्यसैले नेपालजस्तो विकासशील मुलुकमा मिडिया साक्षरताको ठुलो महत्व छ । मिडियाले प्रवाह गरेका झुटा तथा तथ्यहीन समाचारहरूको मूल्याङ्कन र विश्लेषण गर्ने क्षमता विकास गरेर सत्य तथ्य जान्न पाउने हाम्रो लोकतान्त्रिक हकको सुरक्षा मिडिया साक्षरताले गर्छ । यसले हामीलाई मिडियाको झुटा सूचनाका आधारमा कसैको पक्ष विपक्ष नलिएर निष्पक्ष बन्ने शिक्षा समेत दिन्छ । मिडिया साक्षरताले तथ्यहीन सूचनाका आधारमा इज्जतमाथि लाञ्छना लाग्न नदिने हुनाले यो हाम्रो व्यक्तिगत मान,सम्मान,इज्जत र प्रतिष्ठाको पहरेदार समेत बनेको छ। मिडियाको बढ्दो प्रयोगले नेपाली सँस्कृतिमा अथाह विकृति र नकारात्मक प्रभावहरू भित्रिएका छन्‌ । अतिरञ्जित समाचार राखेर भ्युवर बढाउने, मनिटाइज गरेर पैसा कमाउने उद्देश्यले खुलेका अनलाइन, युट्युव वा अन्य सामाजिक सञ्जालले गलत सूचना प्रवाह गर्दा नेपाली सँस्कृति धरापमा पर्न थालेको छ । यस्तो अवस्थामा मिडिया साक्षरताले मिडियाका दस्प्रचारका बारेमा सचेत र सजग गराएर नेपाली सँस्कृतिको संरक्षणमा प्रभावशाली बनेर उभिएको छ । मिडियाको माध्यमबाट सरकारले दिने गलत सूचना र जानकारीले सत्य तथ्य र राष्ट्रिय महत्वका क्‌राहरू जान्न पाउने हाम्रो संवैधानिक, लोकतान्त्रिक र नागरिक हकको अपहेलना गर्छ । मिडिया साक्षरताले हामीलाई यसका विरुद्ध प्रश्न गर्न, मुल्याङ्कन गर्न र आलोचना गर्न प्रेरित गर्छ जसका कारण सरकार पनि लाचार भएर हाम्रा प्रश्न र मागको उत्तर दिन, सत्य तथ्य बताउन वाध्य बन्छ। यसरी मिडिया साक्षरताले हामी नेपालवासीलाई सत्मार्गतर्फ र नेपाललाई विकास पथतर्फ अग्रसर गराउन सहयोग पुर्याउँछ ।

नेपाल मा मिडिया साक्षरताको अवस्था -Condition of media literacy in Nepal

दुर्भाग्यवश नेपालका हरेक कुना काँप्चा र सबै नेपालीहरूमा मिडिया साक्षरताको पहुँच पुग्न सकेको छैन । थुप्रै नेपली नागरिकहरू मिडिया साक्षरताको उज्यालोबाट बञ्चित छन्‌ । सोही कारण थुप्रे नेपालीहरू झुटा समाचारको जालमा परिरहेका छन्‌, तथ्यहीन समाचारलाई सत्य मानिरहेका छन्‌ । जनतालाई झुटो तथ्य देखाएर भ्रममा पार्ने भ्रामक समचारहरू दिन दिनै प्रकाशनमा आउँदै छन्‌ । सथ्य,तथ्य छुट्याउन नसक्ने भोला भाला मानिसहरू समस्यामा परिरहेका छन्‌ । विद्यार्थीहरूले गलत जानकारी हासिल गरिरहेका छन्‌ जसले गर्दा उनीहरूको शिक्षा दिक्षामा नराम्रो प्रभाव परिरहेको छ । देशका कर्णघारनै अशिक्षित भएपछि देशको हालत के होला भन्न सकिन्न । यसरी झुटा र भ्रामक समाचारले नेपालमा सारै नराम्रो प्रभाव पारिरहेको छ ।

आज पनि जब सारा विश्व एक भाइरल महामारीसँग लडिरहेको छ, हामी साथसाथै नक्कली समाचारको इन्फारडामक्ससँग सङ्घ गरिरहेका छौं । प्रस काउन्सिल नेपालको म २२,२०२०को प्रतिवेदन अनुसार विभिन्त अनलाइन पोर्टलबाट १६० बटा झुटा र तर्कहीन समाचार छाँपिएको कुरा अगाडि आएको छ । जसमध्ये ७० वटा अनलाइन वेबसाइटलाई प्रतिबन्ध लगाइएको छ र प्रकाशकहरूसँग स्पष्टिकरण मागिएको छ । त्यसैले नेपालमा मिडियाको हालत सार खराब बन्न पुगेका छ।

Conclusion

अत: नेपालमा मिडियाको दुत गतिमा विकास हुनुका साथै झुटा र तथ्यहीन समाचारको प्रकाशन बढेकाले जनतालाई सचेत र जागरुक बनाई सही सूचना छनोट गर्नसक्ने बनाउन, समाजमा हुनसक्ने गलत कृयाकलापलाई रोक्न, कुनै व्यक्ति वा राजनीतिक दलका गलत क्रियाकलाप रोक्न, नेपाली संस्कृति, परम्परा र सामाजिक मूल्य र मान्यताको संरक्षण गर्न मिडिया साक्षरताको खाँचो परेको छ । कछवाको सुस्त गतिमा भएपनि नेपालमा मिडिया साक्षरता सम्बन्धि केही न केही कार्यक्रमहरू सञ्चालन हुन थालेका छन्‌ । रेडियो र टेलिभिजनमा मिडिया साक्षरता सम्बन्धि जनचेतनामूलक कार्यक्रमहरू सञ्चालन गरिएका छन्‌ । विद्यालय तहमा कम्प्युटर शिक्षाको माध्यमबाट मिडिया साक्षरताको सीप सिकाइएको छ । सरकारले पनि आफ्नो तहबाट नियम, कानून र मापदण्ड बनाएर सक्दो कोसिस गरिरहेकै छ । आजभोलि बालबालिका पनि मिडियाको पहँचमा आएकाले अभिभावकले पनि मिडिया के हो, यसले कसरी सूचना प्रवाह गर्छ र कस्तो मिडिया राम्रो हो, कस्तो मिडिया नराम्रो हो,कस्तो खबर साँचो हो अनि कस्तो खबर झुटो भनेर आफैँले आफ्ना बालबालिकालाई सचेत गराउनु पर्छ । सबैले आ-आफ्नो तर्फबाट कोसिस गरे मिडिया साक्षरताको उज्यालो नेपालभरि छर्न सकिन्छ ।

[Download PDF] Readmore Social Studies Guide Book | Class 10 | Haamro Notes

2021-07-01T15:19:00.037+05:45

Haamro Notes presents Readmore Social Studies notes, guide book and solutions of Class 10.

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Unit-9 | International Relations | Social Studies | Class 10 Guide Book | Haamro Notes

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Unit-8 | Economic Activities | Social Studies | Class 10 Guide Book | Haamro Notes

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Unit-7 | Expressing Conditions II | Rampant Pesticide Use Risks Health Exercise

2021-06-28T19:37:00.035+05:45

Class 10 English Unit 7 Expressing Conditions II Rampant Pesticide Use risks health exercise

Vocabulary in context

i. Read the following sentences, and choose the appropriate words from
the box below to complete the sentences.

a. His invention was popular but not commercially successful for it was not bought by many people.
b. Local people complained about the excessive noise coming from the dance bar.
c. Vegetables produced using pesticides are unfit for human consumption.
d. Rice cultivation should be promoted in the terai. It really strengthens farmers' economic condition.
e. Excessive use of pesticides invites health hazards.
f. Though insecticides are required to kill the insects in our farm, they arę never good for human health.
g. Lots of are ailments caused by pollution in the cities.

2. Reading comprehension

i. Read the news articles above, and decide whether the following statements
are true or false.

a. Most of the vegetables available in the market are unsafe for consumption.
b. Ram Babu Paneru is the scientist at Nepal Agricultural Research Council.
C. Excessive use of pesticides and insecticides is posing a threat to human health.
d. Unprescribed use of chemicals spoils the taste of vegetables.
e. The vegetables must not be consumed for a number of days after pesticide application.
f. According to a senior entomologist at NARC, there are no effective policies on the implementation of existing ones.
g. Chelsea Harvey wrote about climate change.
h. RICE accounted for inequalities within different regions of the work regarding climate change.

Answer: True for all statements

Answer the following questions:-

a. What are the headlines of the news articles above?

Ans- “Rampant pesticide use risks health’ and ‘Climate Change is going to make inequality even worse than it already is’ are the headlines of the news articles above.

b. Who are the authors of the articles?

Ans- The authors of the articles are the editorial board of The Himalayan Times and Chelsea Harvey.

c. When were the articles written?

Ans- The first article was written on July 19, 2009, and the second article on December 8, 2015.

d. Why is it difficult to carry out the test in labs?

Ans- It is difficult to carry out the tests in the lab due to the poor facilities in the labs and staff shortages.

e. What is harmful to both the farmers and the consumers?

Ans- Unprescribed use of chemicals is harmful to both the farmers and consumers.

f. Name the places where the scientist Paneru recently visited.

Ans- The scientist Paneru recently visited vegetable farms in Charaudi and Mahadevsthan villages of Dhading, Empaphant and Baradi of Tanahun and Tutunga village of Kaski.

g. What are the deadly effects of excessive use of pesticides?

Ans- Impotence, liver and kidney dysfunction, disabilities in children, miscarriage in women, skin, heart and eye ailments are the deadly effects of excessive use of pesticide.

h. Who will be disproportionately affected by climate change?

Ans- The poor people will be disproportionately affected by climate change.

i. Who amended the Regional Integrated model of Climate and the Economy?

Ans- Denning and his colleagues developed the Regional Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy.

j. Why was the Regional Integrated model of Climate and the Economy developed?

Ans- Regional Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy was developed to study the inequalities within different regions of the world essentially acknowledging that different countries contain people of both higher and lower incomes.

Reading II

Read the following Workshop Schedule, and do the activities that follow.

Workshop Schedule

Workshop organizer: Millennium Vision Education and Research Centre (MVERC)

Address: Kanchanpur,Nepal

Phone: 00-0000000

1. Read the workshop schedule, and answer the following questions.

a. List the workshop packages MVERC is planning to conduct in 2017.

The workshop packages MVERC is planning to conduct in 2017 are:

Essay writing
Story writing
Letter writing

b. What is the WGID number for essay writing?

The WGID number for essay writing is MVERC-01-2017.

c. What do MVERCand WGID stand for?

MVERC and WGID stand for Millennium Vision Education and Research Center and Workshop Group Identity, respectively.

d. Where can we go to learn about letter writing?

We can go to Chitwan to learn about letter writing.

2. Read the workshop schedule again, and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

a. Essay writing workshop is going to be held in Ilam.

=>False

b. Story writing workshop will end on July 11, 2017.

=>False

c. Abdul is the coordinator in Chitwan.

=>True

d. Letter writing workshop will go on for four months.

=>False

e. Participants spend five hours every day on each workshop.

=>True

Grammar

A. Engage yourself

Go through the following conditional sentences, and discuss their meanings and structure with your friends as shown in the example.

Example: If the Earth didn’t have water, there would not be any human beings.

Meaning: Unreal condition; Structure: past simple + would verb

a. Unless Manita could sing, she would not be very popular.

=>Unreal condition; structure: past simple + would V1 (infinitive)

b. If he had not come to Nepal, he would not have seen Mt Everest.

=>Impossible condition; structure: past perfect + would have + V3 (past participle

c. If Chanchala weren’t the captain, the team would play better.

=>Unreal condition; structure: past simple + would + V1 (infinitive)

d. Had he invited me, I would have attended the party.

=>Impossible condition; structure: past perfect + would have + V3 (past participle)

e. Provided that you are under twenty, you can play the match.

=>Real condition; structure: simple present + simple present (V1- infinitive or V-s/es)

B. Time for grammar

1. Write down ‘real’, ‘unreal’ or ‘impossible conditions’ next to the following sentences.

a. If everyone recycles paper, trees can be saved.

=>real

b. If I’d seen you, I would have said hello.

=>impossible

c. If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test.

=>impossible

d. If everyone turns off unwanted lights, we can save a lot of electricity.

=>real

e. If you practise regularly, you can improve your performance.

=>real

f. Provided that we reduce energy consumption, we can slow down global warming.

=>real

g. If I were a bird, I’d fly in the sky.

=>unreal

2. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms of verbs in brackets.

a. Why don’t you explain everything to him? If you don't tell (not tell) him the truth, I’m sure you’ll regret it one day.

b. Jerry was here not long ago. If you had come round earlier, you could have seen (see) her.

c. I’m so glad that you took me there. If we hadn’t gone there, I would never have met (never meet) Robin.

d. It was raining heavily. If I hadn’t taken an umbrella, I couldn't have reached(not reach) to the hospital in time.

e. If she gets (get) that job she’s applied for, she will be delighted.

C. Follow-up activity

Write a short paragraph beginning with ‘If I were the Prime Minister of the country.

If I were the prime minister of the country, I'd change the lifestyle of the people living here. The people who are under poverty would get the poverty fund to run their family. Similarly, I would start…..I’d ................

Listening

A. Engage yourself

Look at the picture, and answer the following questions.

a. What can you see in the picture?

=> aeroplanes, terminal hall, lorry, etc.

b. Have you ever been to an airport?

=>Pilot,flight attendants.

c. What are the things that are forbidden on an aeroplane?

=> electronic devices, smoking, noise, etc.

B. Study time

1. Listen to the airline boarding announcement, and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

a. The passengers are asked to place their seat back and folding trays in an upright position.

=>False

b. Special instruction cards are located near the emergency exit.

=>True

c. Mobile phones can be turned on during the entire flight.

=>False

d. Passengers can use some electronic devices when they start flying above 10,000 feet.

=>False

e. Passengers are not allowed to disable the lavatory smoke detector.

=>True

2. Listen to the announcement again, and match the words in column A with the words in column B.

a. folding ____________ iv. tray

b. fasten ____________ v. seat belt

c. instruction _________ i. cards

d. turn off ___________ ii. cell phones

e. flight ____________ iii. attendants

C. Follow-up activity

Work in a group. Listen to the airline boarding announcement once again, and make a list of important information. Then write a similar announcement.

(Sound of an aeroplane about to fly.)

Ladies and gentlemen, the Captain has turned on the Fasten Seat Belt sign. If you haven't already done so, please place your carry-on luggage underneath the seat in front of you or in an overhead bin. Please take your seat and … fasten yourseat belt. Make sure your folding trays are in their full upright position. If you are seated next to an emergency exit, please read carefully the special instruction cards located by your seat. If you do not wish to perform the functions described in the event of an emergency … please ask a flight attendant to reseat you. At this time, we request that all mobile phones, pagers, radios and remote-controlled toys be turned off for the full duration of the flight … as these items might interfere with the navigational and …communication equipment on this aircraft. We request that all other electronic devices be turned off until we fly above 10,000 feet. We will notify you when it is safe to use such devices. We remind you that this is a non-smoking flight. Smoking is prohibited on the entire aircraft, including the lavatories.Tampering with, disabling or destroying the lavatory smoke detector is prohibited by law. If you have any questions about our flight today, please don't hesitate to ask one of our flight attendants. Thank you

B. Time for speaking

1. There were six people in the basket of a hot air balloon which was starting to fall because it could not support the weight of the people travelling in it. To save the others, at least one person had to be thrown overboard. If you were asked to choose the person, who would you choose and why? The travellers were a teacher, a doctor, an engineer, a business person, a scientist and a leader.

I would choose an engineer to be thrown overboard because I personally think that an engineer is less important than the others.

Note: This is just a modal answer. You can write on your own.

2. Work in a pair. Student A asks questions using “If + past simple + would verb” and student B replies to the questions.

a. What/if political leader?

A: What would you do if you were a political leader?

B: I'd guide the youngsters on the right path, and encourage them to be responsible citizens.

b. What /if the Prime Minister?

A: What would you do if you were the Prime Minister?

B: I'd try my best to run the country smoothly without disturbing public lives. I'd fight against injustice and inequality.

c. What/if the President of America.

A: What would you do if you were the President of America?

B: I'd send all the immigrants to their own countries.

d. What /if lost in the desert?

A: What would you do if you were lost in the desert?

B: I'd try to find my way with the help of footprint or the direction of the sun.

3. Make five sentences that express wishes using “If only I wish + past simple structure."

A. "If + only + Sub. + past simple..." and

a. I wish I met him.

b. If only she understood my feelings.

c. If only they invited me.

d. I wish I saw her.

e. I wish I learnt it.

B. "Sub + wish (in the appropriate form) + Sub + simple past or past perfect..."

a. John wishes he wasn't so busy.

b. I wish it wasn't so cold.

c. I wish I had worked harder when I was at school.

d. I wish I had a caring husband.

e. I wish I had a cute daughter.

4. We may regret using “If + the past perfect + would (not) have + past participle…”. Look at the example below and express regrets for the following situations.

a.not get a good grade in the exam

=>I’m sad. If I had studied hard, I would have got a good grade in the exam.

b.suffer from the common cold

=>I’m irritated. If I had worn warm woollen clothes, I wouldn’t have suffered from the common cold.

c.spend all the money at a restaurant

=>I’m regretting it. If I hadn’t spent all the money at a restaurant, I wouldn’t have been bankrupt.

d.not complete my homework

=>I’m tensed. If I hadn’t watched movies on TV till 8 p.m., I would have completed my homework.

C. Follow-up activity

Work in a pair. Tell your partner that you did not do well in your exam because of your carelessness. Discuss what you would have done to perform well in the exam.

If I had studied hard, I would have performed well in the exam.

If I had taken the study seriously, I would have done better in the exam.

If I hadn’t been careless in my study, I would not have suffered now.

2. Now read the following news report, and discuss the given questions in a pair.

Questions

a. When was the text written?

The text was written on December 08, 2015.

b. Which website can you find this article on?

This article can be found on www.thehimalayantimes.com.

c. What is the text about?

The text is about the recommendation of the National Geographical Traveller Magazine to enlist Nepal as one of the must-see destinations in the world for 2016.

d. What is the headline of the article?

The headline of the article is “Nepal, must-see destination’ for 2016, recommends leading global magazine”.

e. Which tense is used in the heading?

The simple present tense is used in the heading.

f. What is the source of the news?

The source of the news is "The Himalayan Times" newspaper.

B. Time for writing

Write a similar news report on “Lionel Messi wins FIFA world player award for the fifth time”. Use the following clues to develop the report.

Lionel Messi Wins FIFA world player award for the fifth time

Published: February 5, 2017

Argentina: World’s famous football player, Lionel Messi, 29, won the Ballon d'Or trophy on Monday. He is Barcelona and Argentina forward. He became the world’s best player 2015 for the fifth time. Before this, he has already won four straight FIFA awards from 2009-2012 continuously. “It is incredible that it’s my fifth. It’s a very special moment for me to be back on the stage,” Messi said in his acceptance speech. He has scored 41.33 per cent of total voting points in a 23 candidate ballot, whereas, Ronaldo has secured the second position with 27.76 per cent. Neymar, Messi’s Barcelona teammate stands in the third position with 7.86 per cent. Voting was conducted by national team captains and coaches, plus journalists were also invited from FIFA member countries.

Fun Corner

Study the following idiomatic expressions and their meaning.

to feel under the weather = feeling sick; not well

to cost an arm and a leg = extremely expensive

see eye to eye = to agree with someone

get the ball rolling = start something, especially a conversation or a social event

to kill two birds with one stone = to solve two problems at once

2. Now complete the following sentences by supplying the suitable idiomatic expressions (in their correct verb forms) given above.

a. Fuel these days is costing an arm and a leg.

b. I’m going to stay home because I am feeling under the weather today.

c. By visiting Mugu,I killed two birds with one stone, I enjoyed the beauty of nature and also spent time with my old friends.

d. My father and I see eye to eye on most things.

e. There was a quiet atmosphere at the party so I decided to get the ball rolling and got up to dance.

[Download PDF]Class 10 Complete Nepali Guide

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What chapters does Class 10 Nepali Guide book PDF include?

Class 10 Nepali Guide PDF includes :

Chapter 1: Janmabhumi Katha

Chapter 2: Santhusti Kabita

Chapter 3: Sanduk Ruit

Chapter 4: Thanka Nibandha

Chapter 5: Ma Pani Sakchu

Chapter 6: Byaparik Chithi

Chapter 7: Pratyagaman

Chapter 8: Barsha Kabita

Chapter 9: Hamro Sanskriti Nibandha

Chapter 10: Isthaniyakaran Bhanda Biswabyaparikaran Besh Badbiwad

Chapter 11: Laxmi Puja Katha

Chapter 12: Klara Jetkin Jiwani

Chapter 13: Jaya Bhudi Nibandha

Chapter 14: Tika Ekangki

Chapter 15: Mahujung Babu Saheb ko Coat

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Unit-5 | Civic Awareness | Social Studies | Class 10 Guide Book | Haamro Notes

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Unit-6 | Our Earth | Social Studies | Class 10 Guide Book | Haamro Notes

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Unit-3 | Social Norms and Values | Social Studies Guide Book | Class 10 | Haamro Notes

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SEE Exam Cancelled: MOE has finally decided.

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Is the SEE exam cancelled in Nepal?

Jestha 17,2078

The Ministry of Education has decided to take the proposal to conduct the Secondary Education Examination (SEE) according to the internal assessment method to the Council of Ministers. So Yes, SEE exam is cancelled for this year.

A meeting of the ministry held on Monday decided to send a proposal to the Council of Ministers to conduct the SEE examination according to the internal evaluation method, said Ishwar Raj Dhakal, Press Coordinator to the Minister of Education.

A meeting of the ministry has decided to send a proposal to the Council of Ministers to bring the internal assessment method in line with last year's method, 'he said. The assessment for the second quarter was 30 per cent and all the subjects were assessed by the end of the academic session.

Unit-2 | Infrastructures of Development | Social Studies Guide Book | Class 10 | Haamro Notes

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Clara Zetkin Class 10 Nepali Exercise

१२. तलका प्रश्नको छोटो उत्तर लेख्नुहोस्‌

(क्र) क्लारा कसरी ओसिपसँग नजिक भइन्‌ ?

ओसिपको वैज्ञानिक समाजवादी विचारबाट प्रभावित भएर क्लारा उनको नजिक भइन्‌ ।

(ख) क्लाराको दोस्रो विवाह कोसँग कहिले भयो र उनीहरूको दाम्पत्य जीवन कहिलेसम्म कायम भयो ?

क्लाराको दोस्रो विवाह फ्रेडरिक जन्डलसँग सन्‌ १5९९ मा भयो । उनीहरूको दाम्पत्य जीवन सन्‌ १९२६ सम्म रहयो ।

(ग) क्लारा जेटकिनको आफू संलग्न भएको पार्टीसँग कुन विषयमा मतभेद भयो ?

क्लारा जेटकिनको आफू संलग्न भएको पार्टीसँग राजनीतिक पार्टीमा महिलासहभागिताको विषयमा मतभेद भयो ।

(घ) क्लारा विश्वयुद्धको विरुद्घमा किन लागिन्‌ ?

विश्वयुद्ध धनी राष्ट्रहरूको हतियार बेच्ने बाहाना मात्रै हो, यसले आम श्रमिककोहित गर्दैन भनेर क्लारा विश्वयुद्धको विरुद्धमा लागिन्‌ ।

१३. क्लारा जेटकिन अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय महिला दिवसकी प्रणेता हुन्‌, पुष्टि गर्नुहोस्‌ ।

सन १८५७ जुलाई ५ का दिन जर्मनीको एक्सोनी प्रदेशको गाउँमा जम्निएकी क्लारा ज्ेटकिन १५ वर्षको उमेरमा माध्यमिक शिक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेकी थिइन्‌ । त्यतिबेला महिलालाई विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा ग्रहण गर्न त्यति सहज थिएन । त्यतिवेला महिलालाई मतदानको अधिकार थिएन' । महिलाले पुरुषको अनुमति बिना घरबाहिर जान पाउँदैनथे । राजनैतिक पार्टीमा महिला संलग्नता प्रतिबन्धित थियो ।

महिलामाथि यस प्रकारका विभेदहरू क्लरालाई मन परेको थिएन । हर समय महिलालाई कसरी अधिकार प्राप्त बनाउन सकिन्छ भनेर सोचिरहन्थिन्‌ । त्यतिबेला जर्मन बाहिर महिला अधिकारका विषयमा छलफल हुन थालिसकेको थियो त्यसपछि उनी विभिन्न महिलाहरूको पक्षमा काम गर्ने संस्थाहरूको सम्पर्कमा पुगिन्‌ । त्यतिखेर जर्मन सरकारले समाजवादीहरूप्रति प्रतिबन्ध लगाएको थियो । जर्मन सरकारले त्यो प्रतिबन्ध सन्‌ १५९० मा फुकुवा गत्यो । यसपछि उनी जर्मन सोसल डेमोक्रेटिक पार्टीमा रहेर काम गर्न थालिन्‌ महिलाले । औपचारिक रूपमा राजनीतिमा प्रवेश गर्न नपाइने नभएकाले उनले लामो समयसम्म अनौपचारिक. रूपमै भए: पनि पार्टीमा सक्रिय रहिन्‌ । त्यही सङ्घर्षकै कारण सन्‌ १९०६ मा उनी पार्टी शिक्षा केन्द्रिय समितिकी सदस्य बनिन्‌ । उनले त्यहाँ रहँदा महिलाहरूलाई राजनीतिक पार्टीमा औपचारिक संलग्नता हुनुपर्छ भनी आवाज उठाइन्‌ र अन्तत: सन्‌ १९०५ मा त्यो अधिकार स्थापित भयो । यसपछि उनले जर्मनका श्रमिक महिलाहरूलाई सङ्गठिन गरेर आन्तर्राष्ट्रिय महिला आन्दोलनकी अगुवा भइन्‌ ।

सन्‌ १९०७ मा भएको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय महिला सम्मेलनबाट उनी सचिव चुनिएर सन्‌ १९१७ सम्म त्यही पदमा रहिन्‌ । सन्‌ १९१० मा कोपन हेगेनमा महिलाहरूको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्मेलनमा उनले हरेक वर्ष 5मार्चमा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय नारी दिवस मनाउने प्रस्ताब राखिन्‌ । त्यो प्रस्ताव पारित भयो र सन्‌ १९११ देखि हरेक मार्च ८ मा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय्र नारी दिवस मनाउने गरिएको छ । यसरी राज्यले दोस्रो दर्जाको रूपमा राखेकी नारीलाई पूर्णरूपमा स्वतन्त्र र पुरुष सरह बनाएर मार्च ८ मा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय नारी दिवस मनाउने प्रस्ताव लगेर पास गराएका कारण उनलाई अन्तर्राष्टिय महिला दिवसकी प्रणेता भनिन्छ ।

महिला हक अधिकारका लागि क्लारा जेटकिनले के कस्ता काम गरिन्‌, विवचेना

गर्नुहोस्‌ ।

उच्चशिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य,रोजगार, मताधिकार जस्ता मानिसका महत्त्वपूर्ण आवश्यकताबाट बञ्चित महिलाहरूलाई जर्मनमा क्लारा जेटकिनले ठूलो सङ्घर्ष पछि ती मानवीय आवश्यकता दिलाएकी थिएन्‌ ।

सन्‌ १५५७ जुलाई ५ मा जर्मनीको सक्सोनी प्रदेशको एउटा सानो गाउँमा जन्मिएकी क्लारा जेटकिनले . तीक्ष्ण बुद्धिका कारण १५ वर्षकै उमेरमा माध्यमिक शिक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेकी थिइन्‌ । जर्मनमा त्यतिखेर महिलालाई उच्च शिक्षाका लागि अवसर थिइन । त्यतिवेला महिलालाई दोस्रो दर्जाको मानिस जस्तो व्यवहार गरिन्थ्यो । उनीहरूलाई उच्च शिक्षा लिनबाट बञ्चित गरिएको थियो । महिलाहरूलाई रोजगारीको अवसर थिएन्‌ । घरबाहिर जानु पच्यो भने पुरुषको स्वीकृति लिनु पर्थ्यो । राजनीतिक पार्टीमा मतदान गर्ने अधिकार महिलाहरूमा थिएन । राजनीतिक पार्टी खोल्ने पार्टीमा संलग्न हुने अधिकार महिलामा थिएन । महिलालाई बजारीया वस्तु सरह हेरिन्थ्यो । श्रममा पनि महिलाहरूलाई शोषण गरिन्थ्यो । यति धेरै उत्पीडन देखेर क्लाराले महिलालाई कसरी अधिकार दिलाउन सकिन्छ भनी सोच्न थालिन । जर्मन बाहेक अन्य राष्ट्रहरूमा महिला उन्मुक्ति का विषयमा कुराहरू उठ्न थालिसकेका थिए । त्यसैले क्लारा महिलाहरूको उन्मुक्तिका लागि काम गर्ने संस्थाहरूसँग पुगिन्‌ ।

समाजमा समाजवादीहरूको बढ्दो सक्रियातका कारण तत्काल जर्मन सरकाले सन्‌ १५७८ मा समाजवादीहरू माथि प्रतिबन्ध लगाएकाले क्लाराले आफ्नो जन्मभूमि छाड्नु पच्यो । सन्‌ १८९० मा समाजवादीहरूप्रतिको प्रतिबन्ध जर्मन सरकारले फुकुवा गन्यो । यसपछि क्लारा राजनीतिमा संलग्न भइन्‌ । अनौपचारिक रूपमा संलग्न भएकी क्लाराको सङ्घर्षकै कारण सन्‌ १९०७ मा उनी शिक्षा केन्द्रीय समितिको सदस्य भइन्‌ । उनले त्यहाँ महिलाका पक्षमा आवाज उठाइन्‌ । महिलाहरूलाई राजनीतिक पार्टीमा औपचारिक संलग्नता हुनु पर्छ भन्ने मूल कुरालाई सन्‌ १९०६ मा स्थापित गराएरै छाडिन्‌ । यसपछि उनले जर्मनको श्रमिक महिलाहरूलाई पुरुष सरहको अधिकार दिलाइन्‌ । यसरी उनी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय महिला आन्दोलनकी एक अगुवा भइन्‌ । यसरी महिलाहरूको हक अधिकार संरक्षण र सुरक्षित गर्ने कार्यमा लागेकी क्लारा सन्‌ १९०७ मा भएको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय महिला सम्मेलनबाट सचिव पदमा चुनिइन्‌ । सन्‌ १९१० माको पोनहेगेनमा महिलाहरूको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्मेलनमा उनले हरेक « मार्चमा नारी दिवस. मनाउने प्रस्तावलाई पारित गराएर महिला हक अधिकार स्थापित गरिन्‌ ।

यसरी महिलाहरूलाई समाजका पुरुष सोसरह हक र अधिकार दिलाउने कार्यमा क्लारा जेकटिनले ठूलो योगदान दिएकी छन्‌ ।

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Class 10 Nepali Laxmi Puja Complete Solutions

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१३. -पाठका आधारमा तलका प्रश्नको छोटो उत्तर लेख्नुहोस्‌: ।

लाल, मान र प्रेमले कुन कुन विषयमा कुराकानी गरे ?

लाल, मान र प्रेमले भोलिपल्टको लक्ष्मीपूजाको विषयमा कुराकानी गरे ।

लक्ष्मीपूजाका दिन सबैतिर रमाइलो भइरहँदा पनि लान र उनकी आमा भ

किन खुसी भएनन्‌ ?

लक्ष्मीपूजाका दिन सबैतिर रमाइलो भइरहँदा पनि आफ्नो घरमा आर्थिक सङ्कट भएकाले

र लालकी आमा विरामी भएकीले लाल र उनकी आमा भने सुखी भएनन्‌

लक्ष्मीपूजाका दिन बजारमा के कस्तो चहलपहल थियो ?

लक्ष्मीपूजाका दिन बजार सफा थियो । बजारमा ठेलमठेल मान्छेहरू थिए । पसलमा घुइँचो थियो ।

 मानिसको भिड थियो । कसैको हातमा खानेकुराका पोका, कसैको हातमा फलफुल, कसैको हातमा

 रुपियाँ पैसाका लक्कु, कोही मोलतोत गर्नेमा आनन्द लिइरहेको थिए ।

लक्ष्मीपूजाका लागि चाहिने सामानहरू के के हुन्‌ ?

लक्ष्मीपूजाका लागि चाहिने सामानहरू मिठाइ, अविर, फूल पैसा, आदि हुन्‌ ।

 १४. लक्ष्मीपूजा कथामा बाल मनोविज्ञानको प्रयोग के कसरी भएको छ, विवेचना गर्नुहोस्‌ ।

बाल मनोवैज्ञानिक कथाकार गोविन्दवहादुर मल्ल “गोठाले" (वि.स. १९७९.) द्वारा लेखिएको “लक्ष्मीपूजा' कथामा केटाकेटीको मनोविज्ञानलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, चाडवाड मनाउन चलेको होडबाडीले गर्दा आर्थिक विपन्न भएका मानिसका लागि चाड मनाउने कार्य एकदमै बोभिलो भएको छ । अर्काको देखासिकी गर्न खोज्ने गरिब विपन्न वर्गका बालबालिकाहरू कसरी चोरी गर्न बाध्य भएका छन्‌ भन्ने कुरालाई मनोवैज्ञानिक ढङ्गले प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । समाजका विपन्न वर्गमाथि सधैँ आर्थिक विपत्ति आइरहने तथा निम्न वर्गका बालबालिकाहरूको मानसिकतामा यही आर्थिक सङ्कटले अन्तद्वन्द्व सिर्जना गर्ने बालमनोवैज्ञानिक यथार्थको उद्घाटन कथामा कथाकारले गरेका छन्‌ । सामाजिक रूपमा चलिआएको चाडपर्व मनाउने बाध्यताले बालमानसिकतामा नराम्रो असर पार्ने तथा त्यस्ता परम्पारको निरन्तरताका लागि बालकले चोरेर भएपनि सन्तुष्टि प्राप्त गर्न सक्ने यथार्थ बालमनोविज्ञानलाई यस कथामा देखाइएको छ । आफ्नी आमा विरामी भएको अवस्थामा लालले गाउँमा चोरेर ल्याएका सामानले जानीनजानी लक्ष्मीपूजा गरेको बालमनोविज्ञानलाई देखाइएको छ । विपन्नताका कारण एउटा बालकले चोरी गरेर भए पनि प॒जा गरेको बालमनोविज्ञानलाई यस कथाले विश्लेषण गरेको छ।

“लक्ष्मीपूजा' कथामा सांस्कृतिक सन्दर्भलाई जोड्दै एउटा बालकको लक्ष्मीपूजा गर्ने तिब्र इच्छालाई मनोवैज्ञानिक

ढङ्गबाट प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । लक्ष्मीपूजा जस्तो सांस्कृतिक 'चाडले बालकका क्रिया प्रतिक्रियामा पार्ने असरलाईदेखाइएको छ । यस कथामा निर्घन र टुहुरो लालजस्तो बालक लक्ष्मीपूजा कसरी मनाउँछ भन्ने सृक्ष्म विषयलाई मनोवैज्ञानिक ढङ्गबाट प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । चोरेर ल्याएको माटाको दियो, लड्ड पेडा, ओड्लाएको फूल, अविर आदिद्वारा लालले आमासँग पूजाको विधि सोधेर लक्ष्मीपूजा गर्नु यस कथाको बालमनोवैज्ञानिक पक्ष हो ।

चारैतिर लक्ष्मीपूजाको रमझम देखेर वालपात्र लाल पनि आफ्ना घरमा पूजा गर्न उत्साहित हुन्छ । बानु सानैमा मरेको र आमा विरामी भएर थलिएकी अवस्थामा आमाले भने अनुसार सिपाही दाइले पूजासामग्री नल्याएपछि लालले आफैँ पूजासामग्री चोरेर ल्याई पूजा गरेको छ । गरिबी र अभावमा पालिए तापनि लालले यस अनौठो विधिबाट लक्ष्मीपूजा सम्पन्न गरेको छ । यसरी गरिव, टुहुरो बालकको सांस्कृतिक चाडप्रतिको आस्था र विश्वासलाई यस कथामा सूक्ष्म रूपमा बालमनोवैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोणले विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।

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Chapter-4 | Thanka Nibandha | Class 10 Nepali Guide

2021-02-04T15:19:00.053+05:45

पाठ ४ थाङ्का पूरा अभ्यास-Thangka Nibandha Class 10 Nepali

What is summary of Class 10 Nepali Chapter-4 Thanka Nibandha?

Class 10 Nepali chapter-4 Thanka Nibandha is an essay written by the editor of Class 10 Nepali book developed by Janak publication under Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) of Nepal. Thanka picture is basically a picture drawn on clothes or paper. Thanka Nibandha answers the following questions:

What thangka pictures are?

Thanka picture is a picture drawn on paper or cloth using various colors and lastly plated by gold.

What is the history of Thangka pictures?

Thangka originated from Tibet and came into Nepal. In the past, there was an open border between Nepal and Tibet. People used to come and go here and there. Due to this Thangka came into Nepal.

What are Thangka makers called?

Thangka makers are called Khaiba in Nepali. They are really specialized in preparing in making Thanka.

How Thangka pictures are made?

Thangka pictures are made by following steps:

Prepare a rough sketch of the drawing.
Fill colour in the drawing according to God.
Bolden the sketch.
Let it dry.
Put glitters of 24 carat Gold on the sketch.
Put it in a frame.
Finally, the Thanka picture is ready.

Is Thangka pictures important for the economy of Nepal? How?

Yes, Thanka pictures are important for the economy of Nepal.We can improve our economy by selling Thanka pictures to the tourists as a gift and bring foreign currency to our country. Even a simple Thanka costs thousand rupees. Some Thankas even costs 5-10 lakhs. Selling this can really improve the income of an individual directly affecting the economy of Nepal.

What does Class 10 Nepali Guideof Thanka Nibandha include?

Class 10 Nepali guide of Thanka Nibandha includes :

Summary of Thanka Nibandha of Class 10 Nepali chapter
Question answers of Thanka Nibandha
Byaakhya gara of Thanka Nibandha
Long question answers (Biwechanatmak prashna uttar of Thanka Nibandha)
Past questions important from the point of view of exam

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[Download PDF] Class 10 CDC Maths Book

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If you are searching for Class 10 Maths book for government schools for free download then you are at the right place. This book is solely published by Janak Publication under Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) of Nepal and we do not have any rights to it. You are recommended to buy a physical copy of the book. This one is only for educational purposes.

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Class 10 English Guide Book Of Nepal

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Also check: Class 10 Nepali Guide

Class 10 EPH Guide

Class 10 Social Guide

Class 10 Speedy Math Solutions

Unit 6 | Expressing Conditions I (Achham) | Class 10 English Exercise

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Class 10 English Unit 6 Expressing Conditions I Reading II Achham Exercise

1. Vocabulary in context

Match the following words with their meanings.

2. Reading comprehension

i. Read the brochure, and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

a. Mangalsen is 930 kilometres away from Kathmandu.

=> True

b. The Skanda Puran is the Holy Scripture of the Hindus.

=> True

c. There is a seasonal road that exists from Sanfebagar to Budiganga.

=> False

d. There is no facility for accommodation in Mangalsen.

=> False

e. A tourist can find places of historical significance in Mangalsen.

=> True

Question answers of Expressing Conditions I Class 10 English

ii. Read the brochure again, and answer the following questions.

a. How can we get to Mangalsen?

Ans: We can get to Mangalsen by road during the normal conditions and by walking from Sanfebagar during monsoon.

b. How many airports are available in Achham?

Ans: There is only one airport available in Achham

c. Which is a safer and easier way to reach Mangalsen, via air or road?

Ans: The safer and easier way to reach Mangalsen is via road because there is no direct airways to Mangalsen.

d. What is the similarity between Achham and Doti?

Ans: The similarity between Achham and Doti is that they have similar cultural heritages.

e. What is the climate of Acchham like?

Ans: The climate of Achham is subtropical, mild and cool.

f. Why do people have hope of a safe journey?

Ans: People have a hope of a safe journey because it is a hilly region, and there are no good roads.

g. Would you like to go to Achham? Why?

Ans: Yes, I would like to go to Achham because there are many religious places which I'm keen to visit.

i. Complete the table below with the authentic information from the text above.

Advantages	Disadvantages
City may be appealing.	City can be appalling.
More and better medical facilities	Pollution
Easier communication and transportation	Higher standard of living
More scope for cultivating intellect	More violence and crime
More recreational facilities	More traffic jam
More comfortable domestic life	Less scope of getting fresh things
More civic facilities	Less scope of enjoying life

3. Follow-up activity

Write a brief summary of the above text ‘Achham’ in your own words.

Achham

Lying nearly 930 kilometres away from the capital city, Kathmandu, Achham is one of the hilly districts of western Nepal. Its district headquarter is Mangalsen which is eight hours walk from the airport at Sanfebagar. Though it has seasonal road from Safebagar to Mangalsen, it is closed during the rainy season. However, a bridge is being built over the river Budhiganga, which will let the vehicles drive in all the seasons.

The major castes residing there are Chhetris and Brahmins. Among them Kunwar, Khati, Swar, Rawal, Bogati, Dhami, Bohora, Devkota, Dhungana, Rijal, Dhakal and so on are the major ones. Thus, we can say, there is mosaic of different castes.

There are cultural heritages which are similar to that of Doti. Narsinga, Jhyali and Deuda are the major dances, and there are various religious places along the river Budiganga and at the confluence of Budhiganga and Saraswati river. Even these religious places are described in the Hindu sacred book the Skanda Puran. These places have the potential to make Achham a major tourist area.

The climate is moderate, with plenty of rainfall. Besides, religious and cultural places, it has natural assets like lakes, ponds, and other tourist areas. There are lodges for the tourists for the temporary stay.

Grammar

A. Engage yourself

1. Study the following conditional sentences, and put them in the correct box.

a. If you heat ice, it melts.

b. If traffic lights are red, the drivers stop their vehicles.

c. If I want to write a letter, I need a pen and paper.

d. If you want to borrow a book from the library, show your library card.

e. If you want to wake up early, set alarm on your clock or mobile.

f. If I haven’t got enough time today, I'll wash your car tomorrow.

g. If you lose her phone number, you won’t be able to contact her.

h. If Harry gets a good result, he’ll study medicine.

i. If water is heated, it changes into vapour.

If+ present simple + present simple

If + present simple + future simple

If + present simple + imperative

a. If you heat ice, it melts.

b. If traffic lights are red, the drivers stop the vehicles.

c. If I want to write a letter, I need a pen and paper.

d. If water is heated, it changes into vapour.

a. If I don't have enough time today, I 'll wash your car tomorrow.

b. If I haven't got enough time today, I 'll wash your car tomorrow.

a. If you lose her phone number, you won't be able to contact her.

b. If Harry gets good results, he'll study medicine.

a. If you want to borrow a book from the library, show your library card.

b. If you want to wake up early, set alarm on your clock or mobile.

B. Time for grammar

1. Complete the following sentences with appropriate form of verbs in brackets.

a. If you love me, meet(meet) me at the Garden of Dreams after half an hour.

b. If Mukesh goes to picnic, I won't go (not go).

c. If you beat (beat) a baby, she will cry.

d. If you call me, I will come (come).

e. If you forget (forget) to call me, I will remind you.

f. If you heat butter, it melts (melt).

2. Complete the following sentences with appropriate clauses.

a. If I don't pay the phone bill today, your phone line will be cut.

b. If Manju joins the team, they will win.

c. If it rains, I'll stay at home.

d. If you forget to take your practical exam, you will fail the exam.

e. If you leave now, you can reach in time.

f. Go to the canteen if you are hungry.

C. Follow-up activity

Work in groups.

Form 10 conditional sentences with If + present ... structure. Present them to the class, and find whether you made a mistake or not.

a. If you want to get good grade in the test, study hard.

b. If you sing songs, I'll dance.

c. If my brother passes his trial, I'll give him my cell phone.

d. The dog barks if you kick it.

e. We will visit Pokhara if the weather becomes fine.

f. My wife becomes happy if I take her to a restaurant.

g. Sartha, go home if your mother calls you.

h. If you boil water, it changes into vapour.

i. I will marry her if she wants.

j. I'll be happy if you help me.

Class 10 English Unit 6 Expressing Conditions I Listening Exercise (With audio file given below in youtube video)

Listening

A. Engage yourself

Pronounce the following pairs of words, and find how they are different.

pan fan

pin fin

paint faint

pig fig

pin fine

peel feel

pat fat

pair fair

pile file

purr fur

B. Study time

1. Listen to the pairs of words in track one, and write 'S' if they are the same and 'D' if they are different.

2. Listen to the audio track two, and tick the correct one. The first one
has been done for you.

Unit 6 | Expressing Conditions I | Did I miss anything poem | Class 10 English Exercise

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Class 10 English Unit 6 Expressing Conditions I (Did I miss anything Poem Exercise Class 10 and Question answer Solved)

Did I miss anything poem exercise

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Read the following poem, and divide the stanzas into two groups: student’s point of view and teacher’s point of view.

1. Vocabulary in use

i. Read the poem, and match the words with their meaning.

assign = > to provide a person a particular task

descend = > to come or go down from a higher to a lower level

reveal => to make something known to somebody

assemble => to bring people, ideas or things together as a group

ii. Use the words above in your own sentences without changing the sense.

=> a. The teachers assign us homework every day.

b. The climbers have descended to the bottom of the mountain.

c. We shouldn't reveal our secrets to anyone.

d. The students always assemble in the ground for prayer.

Note: Click here for the Unit 6 Expressing Conditions Reading II Achham

2. Reading comprehension

i. Read the poem, and say whether the following statements present the importance of classroom teaching or not.

a. Classroom teaching provides students with knowledge helpful for the exam.

=> Yes

b. The course students study is insignificant and valueless.

=> No

c. Any information you miss in the classroom is important.

=> No

d. Enlightenment is gained in the classroom.

=> Yes

e. Staying in the class is boring.

=> No

Did I miss anything poem question answer Class 10

ii. Read the text again, and answer the following questions.

a. Who composed this poem?

Ans: Tom Wayman composed this poem.

b. What did the students do in the absence of their teachers?

Ans: The students sat with their hands folded on their desks in the absence of their teachers.

c. What did the angel reveal to the students?

Ans: The angel revealed to the students what each woman or man must do to attain divine wisdom in this life.

d. How does the speaker in the first stanza spend time for the full two hours?

Ans: The speaker in the first stanza spends time for the full two hours by folding his hands on his desk in silence.

e. Why does the speaker in the second stanza think being in the class is important?

Ans: The speaker in the second stanza thinks being in the class is important because things taught in the classroom are asked in the examination.

f. What does the speaker say in the third stanza regarding the value of education?

Ans: The speaker in the third stanza says that none of the content in this course has value or meaning in the third stanza regarding the value of education.

g. 'Education enlightens people with wisdom.' Does the speaker in the fourth stanza agree with this statement? How?

Ans: Yes, the speaker in the fourth stanza agrees with the statement that 'Education enlightens people with wisdom' as he says that education teaches what each man or woman must do to attain divine wisdom in this life.

h. What does the last stanza suggest?

Ans: The last stanza suggests that the classroom is the microcosm of human experience assembled for the students can examine, query and ponder.

iii. Read the poem and fill in the blanks with the appropriate words to complete the following summary.

student’s point of view missing silence assigned blames

meaningless enlightened accomplished significance microcosm

Did I miss anything poem summary Class 10

The poem “Did I Miss Anything?” is written from two distinct points of view. They are the student’s point of view and the teacher’s point of view. The words “nothing” and “everything” represents the student's point of view and the teacher’s point of view respectively. Stanza one is written from the students' point of view. It reveals the fact that the teacher is missing in the classroom. In the teacher’s absence, the students simply sit in silence, with their hands folded on the desks. Stanza two is written from the teacher’s point of view. It tells how he has given heavily weighted exams, assigned readings, and prepared a quiz. Stanza three represents students' perspective. Here, a typical student blames that the classroom education is valueless, meaningless and a waste of time. It will have no effect or purpose later in life. However, in stanza four, the poet explains why education is important. It claims that through education a person is enlightened .The fifth stanza questions how anything could possibly be accomplished without a teacher. The sixth stanza explains the significance of the classroom. The last two one-line stanza of the poem serves as a message to all doubtful students: they should always be present in the classroom so as to take in all they are able to learn in the “microcosm of human experience"

C. Follow-up activities

1. Make a list of points that suggest the importance of classroom education presented in the poem, and write a paragraph on it.

=>a. Things taught in the classroom are asked in the examination.

b. Classroom education helps in extracurricular activities like quiz, debate.

c. We get wisdom that is useful to our present life as well as hereafter.

Importance of Classroom Education

Classroom education plays a very important role in the life of a person. It enables the students to participate in extra-curricular activities. Students get wisdom that they can utilize in their day to day life. The students get chance to share their experiences and wherever such possibility lies, that becomes a classroom for them. Classroom education helps the students learn good etiquettes, manners and life skills which make them socialized. The teachers focus on those lessons that are likely to be asked in the examination. So, the students who attend the class regularly are high scorers in the examinations. Thus, classroom education influences us now and hereafter.

2. Read the poem again, and see how one of the speakers dislikes being in the class. Then write a paragraph incorporating his/her view.

A student has missed the class and dislikes being in the classroom. He has to stay in silence folding his arms when the teacher is absent. For him classroom education is valueless. It is meaningless and a waste of time. It will have no effect or purpose later in life. He also believes that nothing significant occurs in the absence of the teacher in the classroom. Thus he wants to stay away from the classroom.

For Reading II Click here 👉 Achham Exercise Class 10 English

Unit 5 Reading II |Movie Review 2012 is a perfect Disaster Exercise | Class 10 English

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Movie Review 2012: A Perfect disaster Class 10 English Exercise

Vocabulary in use

Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct phrases/words from the list below for the underlined words.

boom, unbelievable, misinterpretation, extremely large number of people, a protagonist, the people who speak American Indian language in Central America and Mexico, movie reviewer, broadens, appealing

a. The film critic awards four stars to the film ‘2012”.

=> movie reviewer

b.Emmerich fleshes out a bit of pseudo-history and some pseudo-science in “2012”.

=> broadens

c.John Cusack is in a leading role.

=>a protagonist

c.“2012” kills zillions without breaking a sweat.

=>extremely large number of people

d. According to the critic, “2012” is enormously satisfactory, amazingly accomplished and irresistible.

=>appealing

e.The calendar of the Mayans had a misapprehension of “2012” as the date of humanity’s doom.

=> the people who speak American Indian language in Central America and Mexico, misinterpretation

f. The special effects of the movie are incredible.

=> unbelievable.

g. In “2012’, the world ends with a bang.

=>boom

2. Reading comprehension

i. Read the movie review, and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

a. “2012” is a film about the disaster that kills a great number of people.

=> True

b. The director of the movie has also contributed in its writing part.

=> True

c. Chiwetel Ejiofor played the role of a doctor.

=> False

d. Mark Gordon is one of the producers of “2012”.

=> True

e. The critic finds the special effects of the movie incredible.

=> True

Movie Review 2012 is A Perfect Disaster Question Answers

ii. Read the text again, and answer the following questions.

a. Who is Roland Emmerich?

Ans: Roland Emmerich is the director of the movie “2012”.

b. When was the movie “2012” released?

Ans: The movie was released on 13th November 2009.

c. What misconception is captured in the beginning of the movie?

Ans: The Mayan calendar picks “2012” as the date of humanity's extinction is the misconception captured at the beginning of the movie 2012.

d. Why do the audience not feel bored while watching the movie?

Ans: The audience does not feel bored while watching the movie because the actors, the story the dialogue and the special effects are fantastic.

e. What makes “2012” the perfect movie?

Ans: The way things are presented in the movie “2012” makes it the perfect movie.

f. What are the differences between “2012” and other movies?

Ans: Other movies have explosions; “2012” has an atom bomb size detonation that wipes Yellowstone off the map. Other movies have earthquakes; “2012” sends California sinking in flames into the sea. Other movies kill thousands; “2012” kills zillions without breaking a sweat.

3. Follow-up activity

Note down the major points of the movie review. Paraphrase them. Develop this into a paragraph with a suitable title, topic sentence, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence.

2012 Movie Summary

In “2012” Roland Emmerich creates a picture of the world’s future. According to the movie, the Mayan calendar ends on Dec. 21, 2012, predicting that the world will end on that day. Catastrophic natural disasters damage the planet, resulting in the deaths of millions. The movie is the greatest achievement in Emmerich’s career as a destroyer of the world. It is a four-star movie. It has spectacular special effects. The best movie of its kind ever made.

B. Time for grammar

1. Read the school uniform code, and encircle the modal verbs.

The school uniform codes are important to maintain a sense of oneness and unity. Therefore, students must come to school in their stipulated uniform. They may wear coloured clothes of their choice on their birthdays but they have to maintain the regulations for sportswear, formal wear and Friday clothing accordingly. As the bottom line for clothing is comfort and decency, students are not allowed to wear jewellery or make-up. Similarly, hair must be of natural colour, decent length and style. Next, they should trim their nails. Furthermore, they need to wear trousers and skirts according to specifications. Lastly, they ought to follow the instructions of the discipline incharge. Breaching uniform codes may result in detention.

2. Imagine Kunsang has visited Manisha. What might have Manisha told her nephew? Complete the following sentences with suitable expressions of advice, suggestion or warning.

a. Kunsang, you mustn’t hurt your parents’ feelings.

b. You have to think about your parents.

c. You ought not to give up studying now.

d. If I were you, I would complete my high school education.

e. You aren’t allowed to do as you wish at this age.

f. You may go to town after completing your high school.

g. You are not supposed to leave school now.

C. Follow-up activity

Walking on foot along the roads may sometimes be dangerous. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal verbs to give a sense of pedestrians’ safety.

The roads can be dangerous for pedestrians. Even for those who are not driving, it is important to be aware that traffic could be approaching from unexpected directions. Apart from motorways, it’s not illegal crossing the road at any point. It is advisable to use crossings, some of them controlled by traffic lights, whenever you can. You ought to cross the road when the green signal is on but, if the light is flashing, don’t start to cross.

There are crossing points known as zebra crossings which have black and white road markings and orange flashing beacons at each side of the road.

Drivers should give way to pedestrians on the crossing. Pedestrians of developed cities can also use subways and overhead bridges for their safety.

Don’t forget, pedestrians must not walk along or cross any motorways at any time.

Class 10 English Unit 5 Giving advice and warnings Listening Exercise (with audio file)

Listening

Engage yourself

Look at the picture below and answer the following questions.

a. Are you fond of reading books?

=> Yes, I am. / No, I am not.

b. How often do you visit a library?

=> I go there every day/ once a week.

c. How do you find a book of your choice in a library?

=> I go to the particular section. /I simply ask it from the librarian.

B. Study time

1. Listen to the conversation, and make a list of different sections of a library.

a. Library display section

b. Periodical section

c. Reference section

d. Biography section

2. Listen to the conversation again, and answer the following questions.

a. Who advised Anjali to get a book of her interest?

=> Her teacher advised Anjali to get a book of her interest.

b. How often does Anjali read reference books?

=> Anjali seldom reads reference books.

c. What is the periodical section for?

=> The periodical section is for magazines and newspapers

d. In which section of the library are new books found?

=> New books are found in the library Display Section

e. In which section does the student find the biographies?

=> The students find the biographies in the biography section.

C. Follow-up activity

Work in a small group. Discuss the rules and regulations of your school library. Then write them on a plain sheet of paper and share it with the class.

=> Rules and Regulations to be followed in school library

B. Time for writing

1. Write a dialogue between two students who have distinct views on the qualities of a captain or a leader.

=> A dialogue between two students who have distinct views on the qualities of a captain or a leader.

2. Write a book/movie review. You may include answers of these questions: Who were the characters/actors? Who published/produced it? Who was the author/director? What was the plot? What problem was highlighted? How was the problem/s solved? What did you like/ dislike about it? Did you like the ending? If you were the author/ director, how would you end the story?

=> Book review on Muna Madan

Book review on I capture the castle

C. Follow-up activity

Suppose your maternal uncle is planning to go abroad. Your mother advises him to follow a few dos and don’ts. Prepare a dialogue between your mother and maternal uncle using the given hints. You can add your own points if you like.

=> Dialogue between mother and maternal uncle who is planning to go abroad

Unit 5 | A letter to Kunsang | Giving Advice and Warnings | Class 10 English Exercise

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Class 10 English Unit 5 Giving Advice and Warnings (A letter to Kunsang Class 10 Exercise)

1. Vocabulary in use

i. Pick out the words and phrases from the letter that brings out the writer’s attitude to what she is saying. List them, and use them in sentences of your own.

Example: surely, to my surprise, ......

Answers

Some examples of such words are: generally speaking, strictly speaking, roughly speaking, of course, surely, personally, frankly, unfortunately, ideally, presumably, confidentially, ideally, literally, in my opinion, quite properly, in short, naturally, undoubtedly, as a matter of fact, indeed, evidently, eventually, in brief, understandably, personally, apparently, to be precise, to be honest, to my surprise, with respect, obviously, technically, clearly, practically, unjustly, really, officially, admittedly, if I may say so, in theory, etc.

Answer: Surely, To my surprise, Honestly, really, obviously, Undoubtedly, Of course

Note: Click here for the Reading II Movie Review 2012 Exercise

ii. Find the words from the text that give similar meaning to the following.

a. cosmopolitan, advanced, worldly, ..............................

b. certainly, definitely, absolutely, ..............................

c. joyful, delighted, ecstatic, ..............................

d. horrible, loathsome, disgraceful, ..............................

e. enchanting, fascinating, charming, ..............................

Answers

a. metropolitan

b. surely

c. happy

d. appalling

e.. appealing

2. Reading comprehension

i. Read the text again, and answer these questions.

a. Who has written the letter?

Ans: Manisha has written the letter.

b. Whom is the letter addressed to?

Ans: The letter is addressed to Kunsang.

c. Where does Kunsang want to go?

Ans: Kunsang wants to go to the biggest metropolitan city of Nepal.

d. Why does Kunsang want to leave his village?

Ans: Kunsang wants to leave his village to find a job.

e. Why does Manisha want her nephew to give it a second thought?

Ans: Manisha wants her nephew to give a second thought because life in such a big city is not so easy as he thinks.

f. What suggestions did Manisha give Kunsang? Make a list.

Ans: She suggested Kunsang:

Not to ignore his parents' support
To complete his studies first

g. Do you like Kunsang’s idea of stopping his studies? Why? Why not? Explain.

Ans: No, I do not like Kunsang's idea of stopping his studies because it may hamper his future.

ii. What can be the advantages and disadvantages of a cosmopolitan city that are hinted in the letter above? Read the letter again, and complete the table. You may add your opinion too.

Advantages	Disadvantages
City may be appealing.	City can be appalling.
More and better medical facilities	Pollution
Easier communication and transportation	The higher standard of living
More scope for cultivating the intellect	More violence and crime
More recreational facilities	More traffic jam
More comfortable domestic life	Less scope of getting fresh things
More civic facilities	Less scope of enjoying life

Follow Up Activity

Suppose you are Kunsang. Write a response letter to your aunt.

A response letter to Kunsang's Aunt

April 8, 2017

Dear aunt,

Thank you very much for your letter which I received yesterday. I am glad that you have shown concern about me. I know that my parents love me unconditionally and have brought me up to think for myself. They have never compromised my study and needs. I do know that I am good at studies, but I do not like to stay here because I find my school boring and monotonous, and I have decided to go to the city and do something of my choice.

Since you have asked me to meet you before I take my final decision, I will definitely be there this weekend.

With much love,

Kunsang

For Reading II Click here 👉Movie Review 2012 is a perfect disaster Exercise

पाठ १० स्थानियकरण्भन्दा विश्वव्यापारिकरण वेस कक्षा दश | Sthaaniyakaran vanda Bishwabyaapikaran Besh Class 10 Nepali Guide

2021-01-15T17:49:00.020+05:45

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Chapter 9 | Hamro Sanskriti Nibandha | Class 10 Nepali Guide

2021-01-15T17:17:00.039+05:45

पाठ ९ हाम्रो संस्कृति कक्षा दश अभ्यास - Hamro Sanskriti Class 10 Nepali Exercise

What is the summary of Class 10 Nepali chapter-9 Hamro Sanskriti?

Class 10 Nepali Chapter-9 Hamro Sanskriti Nibandha, edited by the editorial board of this book, identifies the culture and says that Nepali culture based on diversity is the identity of Nepalis and it should be preserved in a timely manner.

As culture is a link between people's collective lifestyle, social ethics, historical identity and uniting the society, it has been urged to adopt the scientific and sophisticated style of culture by assimilating the essence and spirit of the culture.

As Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and multi-geographical country, its culture is also based on plurality. Terai, hills and mountains live differently. Fairs, festivals, life rites, festivals, speeches, etc. also vary according to the weather. Residents of the same village or to rejoice in the festival according to their caste and tradition. Sherpas rejoice in Lhosar, Rais rejoice in Sakala, Newars rejoice in Indra Jatra, Limbu rejoice in paddy dance. Culture also differs on the basis of differences in the dress, jewellery, and speech of men and women. Nepal has different types of culture in the Terai, hills and mountains.

What does Hamro Sanskriti Class 10 Nepali solutions include?

Hamro Sanskriti Class 10 Nepali solutions includes:
Short and long question answers
Byakhya Gara
Extra questions

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We can get Hamro Sanskriti Class 10 Nepali exercise by clicking on the notes. To get to the other notes, you can click on left or right respectively.

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👇 Haamro Sanskriti Class 10 Nepali Exercise👇

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Chapter-8 | Barsha Kabita | Class 10 Nepali Guide

2021-01-15T15:29:00.041+05:45

वर्षा कविता कक्षा १० अभ्यास-Barsa kabita Class 10 Exercise

What is Class 10 Nepali Chapter 8 Barsha kabita?

Class 10 Nepali chapter Barsha Kabita is a peom written by Laxmi Prasad Devkota. It is a poem describing the effects that rain has played in human life and its importance. You can find the Barsha kabita Class 10 summary of each paragraph in the PDF given at the bottom of the page.

What does Barsha kabita Class 10 exercise include?

Barsha kabita Class 10 exercise includes:

Explanation of each paragraph of the poem
Summary of Barsha Kabita Class 10
Question answers of Barsha kabita
Byaakhya gara of Barsha kabita

How can we view Barsha kabita Class 10 Nepali solution?

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Chapter-7 | Pratyagaman | Class 10 Nepali guide

2021-01-15T14:17:00.045+05:45

पाठ ७ प्रत्यागमन कक्षा दश-Pratyagaman Katha Class 10 exercise

What is summary of Class 10 Nepali Chapter-7 Pratyagaman Katha ?

Class 10 Nepali Chapter-7 Pratyagaman katha is a social story relevant to Nepalese society. Guru Prasad Mainali is the author and writer of Pratyagaman Katha. This story is a part of the novel “Naso”, the one and only yet great literary contribution given by Guruprasad Mainali in Nepali literature. Pratyagaman in Nepali means “to return”.

This is a typical story that depicts the incident that happens in Nepali families and society. The main characters of Pratyagaman Katha are: Ramu, Shobha and Nirmal Chand. Ramu and Nirmal Chand are stepbrothers. Their parents died at an early age and Nirmal Chand has been taking care of his younger brother from an early age. Shobha is the wife of Nirmal Chanda.

Shobha and Ramu also had their own children but both of them took care of Ramu no less than their own child. They gave him education and fulfilled all his basic needs.

Later, Ramu topped in his SLC exam. Due to this achievement, he got the proposal of marriage from a rich family. He married a girl from a rich family. Though the girl was rich, she did not have the good characters that a daughter in law should have. She used to complain about Shobha in the neighbourhood.

By her bad activities, she brought a turn off in the family. Ramu separated from his parents like brother and sister in law falling in the trap of his wife. He lived in a separate house from them not even contacting them. He gave birth to a child. He conducted rituals for the baby but neither called his brother nor their child.

One day, Ramu got very ill. He did not get proper care from her wife which lead him to death bed. He asked his wife to call his sister in law. Shobha took good care of him and built his health. Ramu got completely fine due to the proper care given by Shova. Then he regrets it and returned home. He said sorry to his brother and sister in law. We should learn a lesson that relation between different level of people cannot sustain long and can bring turn off in the family. Also, we learnt not to leave our own family and relatives falling off in the trap of others

What does the Pratyagaman katha Class 10 exercise include?

Pratyagaman Katha Class 10 exercise includes :

Pratyagaman Katha Summary
Short and long question answers of Pratyagaman Katha
Byakhya Gara of Pratyagaman Katha

How can we view Pratyagaman Katha Class 10 Nepali solution?

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Click here to get 👉 Class10 Nepali Chapter 6 Pratyagaman Katha Notes

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Chapter-6 | Byaparik (Vyaparik) Chithi | Class 10 Nepali Guide

2021-01-15T13:03:00.053+05:45

Byaparik Chithi Nepali Class 10

What is Class 10 Nepali Chapter-6 Byaparik Chithi?

Class 10 Nepali chapter Byaparik Chithi (Vyaparik Chithi) is written by the editor of Class 10 Nepali book developed by Janak publication under Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) of Nepal. The main objective of this lesson is to teach you how to write Byaparik Chithi (Business letter in Nepali).

What does Nepali Guideof Byaparik Chithi include?

Nepali guide of Byaparik Chithi includes :

1. Ways to write Byaparik Chithi ( a business letter in Nepali)

2. Sample of some Byaparik Chithi (a business letter in Nepali)

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Chapter-5 | Ma Pani Sakchu Manobad | Class 10 Nepali Guide

2021-01-15T12:30:00.058+05:45

म पनि सक्छु अभ्यास - Class 10 Nepali Guide Chapter 5 Ma pani sakchu

What is the summary of Class 10 Nepali Chapter-5 Ma Pani Sakchu?

Class 10 Nepali chapter Ma Pani Sakchu is written by the editor of Class 10 Nepali book developed by Janak publication under Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) of Nepal. Ma pani sakchu is the story of Kumar who is handicapped but has a great will and power to do anything that a normal person can do. He says “If others can do this then I can also do this. Nothing is impossible. I can do anything.” From this story, the writer tries to share the moral that we should not lose our hope whatever happens in our life. We should be brave and face challenges. Kumar also did not lose his hope and achieved great achievement not only in studies but also in extracurricular activities. We should learn from Kumar and try to be like him.

What does Ma Pani Sakchu Class 10 Nepali solutions include?

Ma Pani Sakchu Class 10 Nepali solution includes:

Summary of Ma Pani Sakchu
Ma pani sakchu question answers
Byaakhya gara of Ma Pani Sakchu
Long question answers (Biwechanatmak prashna uttar of Ma Pani Sakchu
Samples of Manobad written in Nepali

How to write Manobad in Nepali?

You can write Manobad in Nepali by simply following these steps:

First of all write the context where you are, what time is it, what date is it?
The time, date and location should be written listing wise.
Then start writing Manobad in a paragraph.
You can include your emotions while writing Manobad.
You can use Bismayadibodaks like: (आहा !, बिचरा!, आहा नि! ).
You have to talk with yourself but silently. If you get the sentence write it down in the copy.
Manobad should be written in at least one or two paragraphs.
At last, end your manobad by ending your day or with some conclusion.

For more, please check out the pdf where we have given some samples of Manobad.

How can we view Class 10 Nepali Ma Pani Sakchu notes?

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How can we download Class 10 Ma Pani Sakchu Nepali solution?

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There is a download button.
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Finally, your notes are downloaded.

👇Class 10 Nepali Chapter-5 Ma Pani Sakchu Class 10 Solution👇

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Chapter-3 | Sanduk Ruit | Class 10 Nepali Guide

2021-01-15T11:18:00.046+05:45

सन्दुक रुइत कक्षा १० अभ्यास-Sanduk Ruit Class 10 Nepali Exercise

What is the summary of Class 10 Nepali Chapter 3 Sanduk Ruit?

Class 10 Nepali Chapter 3 Sanduk Ruit is a biography written by the editor of Class 10 Nepali book developed by Janak publication under Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) of Nepal.

Sanduk Ruit is a Nepali eye surgeon who is famous all over the world for his works in Eye checkups and treatment. He is also famous as God of sight as he has treated the eyes of many people all over the world including Nepal and other countries.

He was born in the difficult terrain of Taplejung where there were no schools, hospitals and other basic services. His brothers and sisters died from the minor disease in the lack of treatment as the hospital was far away from their house. This inspired him to become a doctor.

His father took him to Darjeeling for his study as there were no schools nearby his home. As the war between India and China started, all the schools in Darjeeling got closed. Then he went to Siddhartha Banasthali school in Kathmandu from where he passed his SLC. He passed his I.Sc from Tribhuvan college. For studying M.B.B.S, he went to Kings George college in Mumbai, India. Furthermore, he was inspired to be an eye surgeon because, by eye surgery, he could instantly make people happy.

He conducted eye checkup programs in remote areas of Nepal. The population of Nepal having eye problems decreased by a great number due to his efforts. He invented a simple eye treatment affordable for all. Before his invention, eye treatment was very difficult and unaffordable. He invented an eye treatment called Ruit Techtomy which was very easy and affordable for all people. He also invented an intraocular lens which was to be used in Ruit Techtomy. The eye patients could easily get their sight from this lens. This was a great achievement in the field of eye checkups and treatment.

For this invention, he was identified all over the world. He got many prizes. A short film called “Through the Darkness’ was made depicting his life. National geographics and many other news media depicted his story all over the world. He proved that nothing is impossible in the world. Born in the difficult terrain of Nepal, he became a doctor, inventor, social worker and got the title of God. This is a lesson for those Nepali people who say nothing can be done in the land of Nepal and fly to foreign countries. There is a lot to learn from Sanduk RUit.

What does Sanduk Ruit Class 10 Nepali exercise include?

Sanduk Ruit Class 10 Nepali exercise includes:

Summary of Sanduk Ruit
Question answers of Sanduk Ruit
Byaakhya gara of Sanduk Ruit
Long question answers (Biwechanatmak prashna uttar of Sanduk Ruit)
Past questions important from the point of view of exam

How can we view Sanduk Ruit Class 10 Nepali solution?

You can view Sanduk Ruit Class 10 Nepali solution simply scrolling the embed pdf of solution that is at the bottom.

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How can we download Sanduk Ruit Class 10 Nepali notes?

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Finally, your notes are downloaded.

👇Sanduk Ruit Class 10 Nepali solution👇

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Chapter-2 | Santusti Kabita | Class 10 Nepali Guide

2021-01-15T10:07:00.068+05:45

सन्तुष्टि कविता कक्षा १० अभ्यास-Santusti Kabita Class 10 Nepali Exercise

What is the summary of Class 10 Nepali Chapter-2 Santusti kabita?

Class 10 Nepali chapter Santusti Kabita is a Nepali poem written by Bharatraj Panta. It is a poem describing the ways to get satisfied in life. Panta says that satisfaction is the way to get happiness. Humans are never satisfied with what they have. A person having a cycle seeks for bike and a person having a bike seeks for the car. Such characters make us unhappy. Our stomach should satisfy on getting two courses of simple meals including Dal, Bhat, Gundruk. We should not crave for unhealthy, oily and spicy foods for the taste of our tongue. We should eat healthy foods. The property we earn is of no value if we cannot utilize it in helping poor and needy people. Happiness and sorrow goes and comes in our life. We should not go crazy in happiness and do not lose our hope in sorrow. This is the summary of the Nepali poem Santusti kabita.

What does Santusti Class 10 Nepali exercise include?

Santusti Class 10 Nepali exercise includes:

Explanation of each paragraph of the Santusti poem
Santusti Kabita Class 10 Nepali summary
Question answers of Santusti kabita
Byaakhya gara of Santusti kabita
Long question answers (Biwechanatmak prashna uttar of Santusti kabita)

How can we view Santusti kabita Class 10 Nepali notes ?

You can view Santusti kabita Class 10 Nepali notes scrolling the embed pdf of notes.

👉 Santusti kabita Class 10 Nepali Solutions

How can we download Santusti kabita Class 10 Nepali solution?

You can easily view notes as said in the above steps. But some people would like to download the notes. We understand their problem so we have added a download button for them. Those who have internet service or wi-fi at their home can simply access the pdf of notes here. You can download Santusti kabita Class 10 Nepali solution simply following these steps:

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👇Santushti Kabita Class 10 Nepali solution👇

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Chapter-1 | Janmabhumi kathaa | Class 10 Nepali Guide

2021-01-14T19:52:00.082+05:45

Janmabhumi Katha Class 10 Nepali Exercise

What is the summary of Class 10 Nepali Chapter 1 Janmabhumi Katha?

Class 10 Nepali Chapter 1 Janmabhumi Katha is a story written by the editor of Class 10 Nepali book developed by Janak publication under Curriculum Development Centre of Nepal. It is a story adapted from the great old epic Ramayan written by Balmiki.

The story focuses on the love of Ram towards his motherland including the incidents that happened in Ramayan. Rawan captures Sita Mata in response to which Ram attacks Rawan Rajya Lanka and gets the victory with the support of Rawan's younger brother Bhibisan who was neglected by his brother Rawan. There was also a great support of Ram’s brother Laxman in the war which led him to victory. This proves if the ties between the two brothers are not strong then others can easily get the victory.

Also, Ram was requested to control Lanka but he refused because of his love towards his motherland. He even said “Mother and motherland are greater than heaven” refusing to rule in the golden Lanka. We can even learn that anger is our own enemy. Rawan’s anger led him to death despite of his great power. These are the things we can learn from the Janmabhumi Katha.

What does the Janmabhumi Katha Class 10 Nepali Exercise include?

Janmabhumi Katha Class 10 Nepali Exercise includes:

Janmabhumi Katha Class 10 Nepali Summary
Question answers of Janmabhumi Katha
Byaakhya gara of Janmabhumi Katha
Long question answers (Biwechanatmak prashna uttar of Janmabhumi Katha)
Extra questions important from the point of view of exam

How can we view Janmabhumi Katha Class 10 Nepali notes?

You can view Janmabhumi Katha Class 10 Nepali notes by simply scrolling the pdf of notes which you can access by clicking the below link.

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How can we download Janmabhumi Katha Class 10 Nepali solution?

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Unit 4 | Memoirs of My Visit to France | Reporting Commands | Class 10 English exercise

2021-01-14T14:49:00.190+05:45

Class 10 English Unit 4 Reporting Commands Exercise (Memoirs of my visit to France Class 10 Exercise)

Who is the writer of memoirs of my visit to France?

Govinda Raj Bhattarai is the writer of Memoirs of my visit to France. He is an essayist, novelist and literary critic. He has also worked as a translator. He is considered the first person to get PhD degree in translation studies. He has done a great contribution in the field of English literature living in the land of Nepal. His literary works include Muglan, Letter from Manipur, Socrate's footsteps, Socrate's diary and many more.

His contribution to Nepali literature cannot be neglected too. He has translated several literary books from English to Nepal and vice versa. His major translations include: Selected Stories from Nepal, Selected Nepali Essays, Stories of Conflict and War, Declaration of New Gods', Gandhi and Great Minds on India.

1. Vocabulary in use

i. Read the text again and describe the following words.

Word in the text: Most literary movements developed from the western movements of art and philosophy. They are entrenched firmly.

Answer=>

Read the table and group it into synonyms and antonyms

Main words	Synonyms	Antonyms
mustered	gathered	scattered
consequence	result, output, effect	NA
ascend	mounted up	declined, descended
magnificent	splendid, glorious, outstanding	NA
replica	copy, duplicate	original
swiftly	fast, quickly	undyingly
suffocated	crowded, congested	open
pensive	serious, sober	negligent
remarkable	noticeable, impressive	general

iii. Find the meaning of unfamiliar words from the text using a dictionary.

observation: the act of making and recording a measurement

entrusted: put into the care or protection of someone

trend: the popular taste at a given time

originated: come into existence; take on form or shape

symbolism: an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images.

claustrophobic: suffering from claustrophobia; abnormally afraid of closed-in places .

iii. Prepare a list of unfamiliar words from the text and find their meanings in the dictionary:

List of Difficult words

fuming, overcast, drizzling, vicinity, emboldened, cursory, connoisseur,

sculptor, dilettante, awe, reverence, magnum opus, exceedingly,

imitated, innumerable

Meanings of these difficult words

fuming: furious, filled with smoke; overcast: cloudy

drizzling: light rainfall vicinity: nearby area, local area

embolden: encourage, make strong cursory: brief, superficial

connoisseur: expert sculptor: artist

dilettante: amateur awe: wonder, fear

reverence: respect, worship magnum opus: masterwork

exceedingly: extremely imitated: copied, reproduced

innumerable: countless, numerous

2. Reading comprehension

i.Read paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 and state true or false.

Example: It was drizzling in the city of Paris in the morning. true

a. Paul Cézanne is an impressionist painter.

=> False

b. The author plans to give a cursory glance at museums.

=> True

c. He was assigned an Academy Project entitled Introduction to the Literary Trends and Movements.

=> Not given

d. The author has no words to express how he felt upon seeing the Mona Lisa in Rodin.

=> False

e. Paris has as many museums as temples in Kathmandu.

=> False

f. The author decided to visit Monet's Museum on the first day of his tour.

=> Not given

ii. Read the paragraphs 4, 5, 6 and 7. Then, choose the correct ending for each statement

Example: Most new thoughts originated in France came to ..............

(vi) literature through art.

a. In his Academy project, the author had to present a glimpse of literary trends and movements of the world.

b. The author wrote briefly on new trends of art and their relationship with literature using secondary sources of information.

c. According to the author, most of the literature originated from art.

d. Bangdel's Muluk Bahira Ma is a magnum opus.

e. In Musée d'Art Moderne, one can look at the paintings of Braque and Picasso.

Endings

i. art.

ii. using secondary sources of information.

iii. a glimpse of literary trends and movements of the world.

iv. a magnum opus.

v. look at the paintings of Braque and Picasso.

vi. literature through art.

iii. Read the paragraphs 8 and 9, and complete sentences choosing the correct options.

a. The author visited the museum alone .

b. The author had to buy tickets from a vending machine.

c. If you get lost in France you have to use a map.

d. Hitler and the Jews was written by BP Koirala .

e. The author traveled for 30 minutes from the Paris Nord station to Vernon .

f. Govinda Raj Bhattarai thinks nobody knows him.

g. The author was afraid of confined spaces, so he felt suffocated while climbing the escalator.

Memoirs of my visit to France question answer

iv. Read the paragraphs from 10 to 14, and answer the following questions.

a. What was the weather like?

Ans: The weather was fuming and drizzling.

b. Where was Musee Rodin?

Ans: Musee Rodin was across a sharp bend in the street.

c. Describe the road as the author described it.

Ans: The road was broad but wet; Its sidewalks were lonely and desolate and were shaded by poplars and maples. There were tree leaves scattered in a colourful way.

d. Why did the author feel lonely and helpless?

Ans: The author felt lonely and helpless because no one cared about anybody; people did not want to speak to him. People passing by him did not attend to him, and they did not talk to him in English.

e. Why did the author buy a hand machine?

Ans: The author bought a hand machine to listen to the recorded voice explaining about the museum in the English language.

f. What was the garden like? Describe it briefly.

Ans: The garden was full of pointed shapes of fir and pine trees, giving the best proof of French topiary. Far away stood other trees like walnut, juniper and yew, birds chirruped from the top.

g. Describe Rodin's Thinking Man in a few sentences.

Ans: The Thinking Man squatted on a large and tall marble slab, in half-bent posture and pensive mood. This is one of the masterpieces in modern art, an incomparable work; Rodin's pensive mood is remarkable.

h. When did the author visit the museum in Baltimore?

Ans: The author visited the museum in Baltimore 3 years ago.

i. Where was the replica of Rodin's thinker man?

Ans: The replica of Rodin's thinker man is in Baltimore.

j. What was the theme of the brochure distributed at the metro station?

Ans: The theme of the brochure distributed at the metro station was to visit the Rodin Museum on the first day of the Paris Visit.

C. Follow-up activities

1. Work in a group. Make a list of places the author has described in his memoirs. Describe them as the author did, and share your description among your friends.

1. Paris Nord Station was crowded and magnificent.

2. Metro Station was modern and impressive.

3. Louvre was incredible and impressive because there stood an incredible painting of the Mona Lisa.

2. Have you ever visited any museums in your country? Describe what you saw there.

The National Museum of Nepal (Rashtriya Sangrahalaya) is a popular attraction of the capital city, Kathmandu. About a century old, the museum stands as a tourist destination and historical symbol for Nepal. Being the largest museum of Nepal, it plays an important role in nationwide archaeological works and development of museums. For the residents of Kathmandu, the monument serves to relive the battles fought on the grounds of Nepal. The main attractions are collection of historical artworks (sculpture and paintings) and a historical display of weapons used in the wars in the 18-19th century. The museum has separate galleries dedicated to statues, paintings, murals, coins and weapons. It has three buildings-Juddha Jayatia Kala Shala, Buddha Art Gallery and the main building which consists of natural historical section (collection of species of animals, butterflies and plants), a cultural section and philatelic section.

Source

Time for Grammar

Read each sentence and write a new sentence with the same meaning:

1) “Don’t wait”

He asked me not to wait.

2)“Remember to post the letter”

She reminded me to post the letter.

3)“Keep out of this room at all times”

Kripa warned me to keep out of those rooms at all times.

4)“Don’t shout”

Bill told Jane not to shout.

5)“Please don’t tell anyone what has happened”

Anuj asked me not to tell anyone what had happened.

6) “Open the door for her”

Tom asked her to open the door for her.

7)“Listen carefully”

Shabdik asked Prasikha to listen carefully.

Report the following sentences:

a) Eat more vegetables and fruits”, the doctor said.

The doctor advised me to eat more vegetables and fruits.

b) “Shut the door”, Dad said.

Dad asked me to shut the door.

c) Arnav said, “Thank you.”

Arnav thanked me.

d) The notice said, “Welcome to Manang!”

The notice welcomed us to Manang.

e)” Don’t drive too fast”, I begged him.

I begged him not to drive too fast.

f)” Fry it in oil”, she advised me.

She advised me to fry it in oil.

g)He advised me, “Don’t lend her anything.”

He advised me not to lend her anything.

C. Follow-up activity

Write any ten commands and ten exclamations in your exercise book. Then report them to your friends in the class.

Sentences that express commands

1. Go to the library.

2. Please, come here.

3. Please, sit down.

4. Please, speak up.

5. Turn on page 67.

6. Keep quiet.

7. Share your ideas to your friends.

8. Finish your homework.

9. Brush your teeth twice a day.

10. Help yourself with the food.

Sentences that express exclamation

1. Wow, what a beautiful house!

2. How nice!

3. That's great!

4. That's wonderful!

5. How pretty!

6. What a cute baby!

7. What a day!

8. Yuk, disgusting!

9. That is really horrible!

10. Hurray, we won the match

Listening

A. Engage yourself

Look at the pictures, listen to the poem quickly, and answer the following questions.

a. What does the first picture show?

=> The first picture shows a farmer planting something in the bare land.

b. What does the second picture suggest?

=> The second picture suggests a student learning in the classroom/room.

c. What is the relationship between two pictures?

=> The relationship between the two pictures is that sowing seeds is equal to learning.

Class 10 English Unit 4 Reporting Commands Listening Exercise (With Audio file)

B. Study time

1. Listen to the poem, and find the rhyming words for the following:

Needs => seeds

bare => care

grow => snow

time => rhyme

spring =>

2. Listen to the poem again, and complete the following sentences choosing the correct alternatives.

i. The poem is written by Eleanor Farjeon

ii. The title of the poem is Knowledge

iii. Students are the farmers with knowledge of seeds.

iv. Students must plant seeds in the spring.

v. The poet asks us to plant the seeds of knowledge in our mind.

C. Follow-up activity

Listen to the poem again, and note down the important points. Now, working in pairs, discuss the points you have noted down and write the summary of the poem.

The poet compares the human being with a farmer and the human mind with a meadow. A farmer likes to sow seeds and plant things and look after it with care. A good farmer does not like to see bare land. The poet wants to convey the same message that we should not keep our minds empty. Like a good farmer, we should plant the seeds of knowledge in our minds, which will grow and develop like the seeds and plants in a farmer‟s meadow. The seeds of knowledge can be about nature or science, history, math, music and literature. If we keep our minds busy through reading, we are sure to gain wisdom and knowledge, but it should be done at the right time.

Speaking

A. Engage yourself

1. Study the grammar section of this unit, and copy some direct commands.

=>Leki, give me your homework.

Brijesh, put your book down.

Shakti, wait for me.

Let the boys clear up this mess.

Bishnulal, finish your classwork first.

2. Make a list of the verbs used in the commands.

=> give, put, wait, clear, finish

B. Time for speaking

1. Student A and B are talking about what their teachers asked them to do. 'A' directly quotes what the teacher said while 'B' reports them. Work in a group of three. Play the role of 'A', 'B' and the teacher.

Example: Science teacher/complete experiment

Science teacher: Complete your experiment first.

a.English teacher/describe village/town

Science teacher: Describe your village or town.

A: Our science teacher said, “Describe your village or town.”

B: Our science teacher asked us to describe our village or town.

b.Math teacher/solve problem Math teacher

A: Our Math teacher said, “Solve problem.”

B: Our Math teacher asked us to solve the problem.

c.Social teacher/help people in trouble

Social teacher: Help people in trouble.

A: Our Social teacher said, “Help people in trouble.”

B: Our social teacher asked us to help people in trouble.

d.Nepali teacher/compose a poem

Nepali teacher: Compose a poem.

A: Our Nepali teacher said, “Compose a poem.”

B: Our Nepali teacher asked us to compose a poem.

e. Health teacher/keep clean and safe

Health teacher: Keep clean and safe.

A: Our Health teacher said, “Keep clean and safe.”

B: Our Health teacher asked us to keep clean and safe.

2. Work in a pair. Play the role of 'A' and 'B' to make some commands and

report them.

a.A: Mrs Moore, submit this proposal by 3 p.m. to the company owner.

B: Her Boss commanded Mrs Moor to submit that proposal by 3 p.m. to the company owner.

b. A: Sergeant, join earthquake relief work.

B: The army commander commanded the sergeant to join earthquake relief work.

c. A: Raju, serve the meal for all.

B: My father asked me to serve the meal for all.

d. A: Search team, investigate and identify the criminal as soon as possible.

B: The police officer ordered the search team to investigate and identify the criminal as soon as possible.

f. A: Use the medicine daily twice a day for 15 days.

B: The doctor suggested his patient to use the medicine daily twice a day for 15 days.

Writing

A. Engage yourself

Read the following cooking recipe, and discuss the given questions in pairs.

a. What are the instructions about?

=>The instructions are about how to prepare vegetable momo.

b. Why do you think the instructions are presented in numbers?

=>I think the instructions are presented in numbers to show the sequence of actions.

c. Why are imperative sentences used in the text?

=>Imperative sentences are used in the text because the instructor wants us to do it.

d. What happens if we don't follow the instructions sequentially?

=>If we don't follow the instructions sequentially, we can't have the good taste of momo.

Time for Writing

=>Write a recipe to prepare a cup of black tea.

Write a recipe to prepare momo.

Project work

Work in a group of four to six. Find any book written in English that is interesting to you in your school library or anywhere. Read the book, and write a couple of paragraphs about a book, and present them to the class.

=> Book review on Muna Madan

Book Review on "I capture the Castle"

Fun corner

Look at the sculpture of rodins thinking man, and write what you feel when you look at it.

This sculpture is very attractive. It is pleasing for the viewers. It presents a vivid scene of a man who is thinking deeply sitting alone on a giant stone. The art is very appealing: the face, body, look and posture of the man all are artistic and balanced. The candid presentation of the reality of human life can be understood from this sculptor. I feel this man is serious; he is in a difficult situation, and possibly he is planning for some ways out of the terrible situation. This sculpture is indeed a candid portrayal of life in the advent-grade society. It must be an award-winning sculpture.

Unit-3 | The Ant and the Grasshopper Exercise | Reporting Questions | Class 10 English Exercise

2021-01-13T22:15:00.108+05:45

Class 10 English Unit 3 Reporting Questions (The ant and the grasshopper Class 10 English Exercise)

Class 10 English Unit 3 The ant and the Grasshopper Video Lesson

1. Vocabulary in use

i. Read the story, and place the following words in the column that best describes what you know about each one.

gloom, suspected, hilarious, chuck, decently, sore, expostulations, profoundly, unscrupulous, enticements, amendment, circumstances, qualm, blackmail, cocktails, decent, discreditable, illegal, prosecuted, convicted, vindictive, scoundrel

Answers

I don't know at all	I have seen/heard	I know the meaning	I know the meaning in this context
unscrupulous	chuck	gloom	blackmail
expostulations	profoundly	hilarious	illegal
discreditable	qualm	amendment	decent
scoundrel	prosecuted	suspected	decently
enticements	convicted	cocktail	sore
vindictive		circumstances

ii. Work in a group, and share your list with others in your group. Write a short paragraph using the words you are familiar with.

Answers

Students are requested to write a short paragraph on any topic.

The earthquake-stricken people are still in deep gloom as the reconstruction of the damaged houses is delayed. They suspect that they would never be away from the temporary houses where they have been living for the last two years. They would be in hilarious spirits only after they get the new quake-resistant houses. They have been affected financially too. Some of them are found to be involved in different illegal activities like blackmail, robbery, theft, etc. They say if the government creates an opportunity to work decently, they are ready to live a decent life.

2. Reading comprehension

The ant and the grasshopper Class 10 question answer

i. Read the text again and answer these questions.

a. Who was a black sheep in Ramsay's family? Why?

Ans: Tom was a black sheep in Ramsay's family because he began to blackmail his brother for money and always created problems in the family.

b. What was a respectable profession to Tom?

Ans: To serve in a bar or to drive a taxi was a respectable profession to Tom.

c. Why was George Ramsay staring into the space?

Ans: George Ramsay was staring into the space because his brother troubled him.

d. Why did Tom leave his work and wife?

Ans: Tom left his work and wife because he wanted to enjoy himself.

e. How did Tom manage his life when he ran out of money at first?

Ans: Tom managed his life when he ran out of money at first by borrowing from friends.

f. How did Cronshaw and Tom cheat George?

Ans: Cronshaw and Tom cheated George by creating a fake case at the court.

g. What forced George, to realize that his brother would never settle down?

Ans: George gave Tom considerable sums for amendment which Tom spent to buy a car and jewellery. Such situations forced George to realize that his brother would never settle down.

ii. Read the text again, and put the following sentences in the correct order.

a. He began to blackmail his brother for money.

b. He left his wife and his office.

c.When his money was spent, he borrowed it from friends and spent it on luxuries.

d. George continued to pay for his brother's expenses.

e. He bought a motor car and some very nice jewellery.

f. Tom took the help of Cronshaw to cheat his brother and left for Mont Carlo.

g. He promised to make a fresh start.

h. The Ramsays were perfectly respectable people.

i. He never settled down.

Answer

h , b, c, d, g, e, i, a, f

iii. Using the information above, summarize the ant and the grasshopper story in a paragraph.

The ant and the grasshopper summary class 10

Ramsay's were respectable people. George Ramsay had a brother, Tom, who was not laborious but problematic. Though he started a business, he left thinking that it was boring. He not only left his business but also his wife and two children and went for travelling. He borrowed money from friends when he had none and George continuously helped him with the money thinking that he would start a new business and settle one day. But with the money George gave, he bought a car and some jewellery. He never settled down and when he did not get money from his brother, George, he started blackmailing him. Lastly, he sued a fake case with the help of Cronshaw and got five hundred pounds, and as soon as they cashed the check, they both went to Mont Carlo and remained there for months.

2. Have you ever seen, heard or experienced a person like Tom in your community? Describe the similarities between them.

=> Yes, there was a thug in my village whose name was Birkha. Though he was healthy and wealthy, he never wanted to labour. Rather, he wanted to get easy money. He made some fake documents and started to deceive people. But one day, police caught him and sued a trial. He is in jail now.

Unlike Tom who deceived everyone including his friends, Birkha never deceived his relatives neither did he blackmail them. He is jailed but Tom was not.

A. Engage yourself

1. Read the following excerpt from the story above, and identify who the speaker was.

a. 'How are you?' I asked.

=> the narrator

b. 'I'm not in hilarious spirits,' he answered.

=> George

c. 'Is it Tom again?'

=> the narrator

d. He sighed, 'Yes, it's Tom again.'

=> George

e. 'Why don't you chuck him? You've done everything in the world for him. You must know by now that he's quite hopeless.'

=> the narrator

B. Time for grammar

1. Match the direct speech in column A with the reported speech in column B.

=>a. She asked me where Dolma was.

b. She asked me if he was at home.

c. She asked me how old I was.

d. The headteacher asked me if I could go to school at 10 o'clock.

e. He asked her where she was from.

f. She requests him to help her the next day

2. Change the following into indirect speech.

a. Anupam says, “Where do you live?”

=>Anupam asks me where I live.

b. Sanjeeb says, “Can you solve the problem?”

=>Sanjeeb asks him if he can solve the problem.

c. Prabin said, “Does Pramila love me?”

=>Prabin asked if Pramila loved him.

d. Dinesh said to his friends, “Who went to Muktinath for worshipping the God?”

=>Dinesh asked his friends who had gone to Muktinath for worshipping the God.

e. Navaraj said to Saraswoti, “Will you visit me in Australia?”

=>Navaraj told Saraswati to visit him in Australia.

f. Julia said to Pujan, “How is your husband?”

=>Julia inquired Pujan how her husband was.

g. A stranger said to Astha, “What kind of music do you like?”

=>A stranger asked Astha what kind of music she liked.

h. Bharatlal said to Phiroj, “Aren’t you applying for a grant?”

=>Bharatlal asked Phiroj if he was not applying for a grant.

i. Aritosh said to Durgalal, “Aren’t you in the office?”

=>Aritosh asked Durgalal if he was not at the office.

j. “Didn’t you pay her?” he said.

=>He asked me if I had not paid her.

3. Pemba has been working as an interpreter in a trekking company for five years. A business person visits his office to deal a project with his boss.

Answer =>

Pemba: Good morning!

Business person: Good morning!

Pemba: How can I help you, sir?

Business person: I want to see Mr Bhisma Ranjan, your boss. I’m here to deal a project.

Pemba: Sure, sir. Have your seat, sir. I’ll inform him right now.

Now, work in a pair. You report what Pemba said, and your friend reports what the business person said to the class.

Begin like this: Miss, as I entered Duke Nepal Adventure, I met a business person talking to Pemba. Pemba greeted the business person, and asked how he could help him ...................

Answer =>

Sudent 1: Miss, as I entered Duke Nepal Adventure, I met a business person talking to Pemba. Pemba greeted the business person, and asked how he could help him.

Student 2: As the business person entered, he greeted Pemba and told that he wanted to see Mr. Bhisma Ranjan, Pemba's boss. He was there to deal a project.

Student 1: Then Pemba replied positively, and requested the businessperson to have a seat. He assured the business person that he would inform the boss right then.

Listening

A. Engage yourself

Match the pictures with the words below.

Answer:a. - iii , b. - v, c. - i, d. - iv, e. - ii

Class 10 English Unit 3 Reporting Questions Listening Exercise (with audio file given in the youtube video below)

B. Study time

1. Listen to the weather forecast, and match the halves of the sentences.

a. The weather in the north is => iii. windy and cold.

b. The weather in the east is => iv. rainy

c. The weather in the west is => ii. dry and cloudy.

d. The weather in the south is => i. cloudy.

2. Listen to the weather forecast again, and fill in the gaps with the correct words.

a. The temperature will reach 15 degrees Celsius in the North of the

country.

b. The public is informed not to leave home without their umbrella .

c. People may experience a thunderstorm in the afternoon in the east of Nepal.

d. In the west and middle of the country, the weather is dry but cloudy.

e. Today's best weather is in the south of the country.

C. Follow-up activities

1. Listen to a weather forecast of your country broadcast in English either on radio or on television for two days; pick out the main points and present it to your class.

=>a. The sun will rise at 6:00 in the morning and set at 5: 55 in the evening.

b. The day will be sunny though it will be partly cloudy in the east.

c. The maximum temperature will be 28o C and the minimum will be 24o C.

2. Now, prepare a weather forecast transcript to be broadcast from your nearby FM radio

Answer =>

Good evening. It’s 7:15. Here’s the weather forecast for the next 24 hours. Heavy rain is expected in the eastern region of the country. It will be cloudy all day there with plenty of rain. In the central region it will be quite hot with long spells of sunshine, whereas, in the west, it will again be cloudy, with showers at times. Moving to the mid-west and far west it will be mostly sunny and very hot. In the western hills, it will be dry and windy. The maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at the five regions yesterday were: Dhankuta: maximum temperature 28.2 degrees Celsius, minimum 21.5 degrees Celsius and, rainfall, 15.8 millimetres. Kathamndu: maximum temperature 30 degrees Celsius, minimum 19.3 degrees Celsius with 1.8 millimetres of rainfall. Pokhara: maximum temperature 31.1 and minimum 22.3 degrees Celsius, with 1.8 millimetres of rainfall. Birendranagar: maximum temperature 31.7 degrees Celsius, minimum 23.3 degrees Celsius with 6 millimetres of rainfall and Dipayal: maximum temperature 36.8 degrees Celsius, minimum 24.2 degrees Celsius with 3 millimetres of rainfall. That’s all for today.

B. Time for speaking

1. Anjana went missing on an island two years ago. Now, she has been rescued and taken home. A news reporter is interviewing her to know or make known to the public how she spent the days there to broadcast on television. Work in a pair. Play the role of an interviewer and interviewee.

Key words: survive eat drink wear spend night/day

a. Daddy, Mommy asks me when you finish your work.

b. Mommy, Daddy asks if you are ready for the outing.

2. Report the interview between interviewer and Anjana.

Interviewer: How did you reach there?

Anjana: Well, we went there for an expedition.

Interviewer: What did you eat there?

Anjana: Um….For a few days I had some food with me. Later I survived on jungle fruits.

Interviewer: And did you have water to drink?

Anjana: We had water for a day only. After a day, we found a source of sweet water there.

Interviewer: And what about the clothes to wear?

Anjana: I had a few sets of clothes with me in my handbag. I used them.

Interviewer: Finally, how did you spend the days and nights there?

Anjana: Well, I used to come to the shore during the days to see if somebody was there for the rescue and the nights in a cave there.

Interviewer: Thank you Anjana for your time.

Anjana: I am thankful to you too for providing me with an opportunity to share my experience.

3. Anjana’s mother was surprised to see her daughter after a long time. She is on a live interview programme on FM radio. Work in a group. Play the role of interviewer, Anjana’s mother and the general audience.

The interviewer asked Anjana how she had reached in the island. She replied that she had gone there for an expedition. The interviewer wanted to know what she had eaten there. Anjana answered him that she had had some food with her for a few days and later she had had some jungle fruits. Then the interviewer inquired about water to drink. She told him that she had had water for a day only and they had found a source of sweet water the next day. The interviewer wanted to know about the clothes to wear. Anjana replied that she had had some in her handbag. Finally, the interviewer asked her how she had spent the days and nights. Anjana told him that she used to come to the shore during the days to see if somebody had been there for the rescue, and she had spent the nights in a cave there. At the end, both of them thanked each other.

C. Follow-up activities

1. Mr Ghale is a domestic tourist in your area. Now, he is at the bus station. He does not know the tourist destinations in the area. He asks for information to Ms Baidhya. Work in a pair. Play the role of Mr Ghale and Ms Baidhya.

Mr Ghale: Excuse me, could you tell me what the major tourist attractions are here?

Ms Baidhya: Oh, yeah! There is a famous temple nearby. Similarly, there is a big tea garden near the hill and a national park along the side of the river.

Mr Ghale: Mr Baidhya, how can I get to the national park?

Ms Baidhya: You can hire a taxi from anywhere or catch a public vehicle from the bus station. Mr Ghale: Where can I stay at night? Are there any comfortable places to stay in?

Ms Baidhya: Oh, there are good hotels with excellent facilities. They are affordable too.

Mr Ghale: Thank you Mr Baidhya.

Ms. Baidhya: You're welcome!

2. Now, report what Mr Ghale asked Ms Baidhya to your class.

Mr Ghale came to a new place in Nepal and he asked Mr Baidhya about the tourist attractions and others. At first Mr. Ghale asked Mr Baidhya what the major tourist attractions there were in his locality and Mr Baidhya replied that there were a temple, a big tea garden near the hill and a national park along the river. Again Mr Ghale asked how he could get to the national park, and Mr Baidhya replied that he could hire a taxi from anywhere or catch a public vehicle from the bus station. At last Mr. Ghale asked if there were any hotels to stay at night. And Mr Baidhya replied that there were good hotels with excellent facilities, and they were affordable too. At last, MrGhale thanked Mr Baidhya, and he thanked Mr Ghale too.

Time for writing

Some people believe that the students should be given a large amount of homework so that they can learn independently. Others disagree and think that they should be engaged in social activities rather than social work at home. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer, and include any relevant examples from your own answer.

English essay on the topic "Students should be engaged in social activities"

Note: Click on the above link to get the essay

Project work

Work in a group of five to seven. Plan for your class magazine to complete within four days utilising your extra class time. Create and collect English articles, essays, poems, reflections, jokes, cartoons, riddles, etc. Decide on the layout and design of your magazine; edit it; colour it; finalise it and publish it on the wall of the school where people can read it.

Unit 2 | Reporting Statements (A debate) | Class 10 English Exercise

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Class 10 English Unit 2 Reporting Statements(A debate Class 10 English Exercise)

Read the transcriptions of the debate below, and note some important points Karma and Kabita presented to support their opinion.

1. Vocabulary in use

i. Find the following words in the text above, and figure out their meanings in context.

degeneration, perspective, disappear, unintelligible, promote, investigate

Example:

Word in the context: As we know, the development in recent technology has a significant role to create a global village. People from any part of the world can communicate easily on the Internet.

Meaning: important

Answers

The word 'degeneration' is not in the text.

perspective => view, perception

disappear => vanish, disappear

unintelligible => incomprehensible, meaningless

promote => encourage, support

investigate => inspect, examine

ii. Observe the underlined words below, and find out their meanings in the context.

a. Because of Jack’s fear, Sangina was reluctant to tell the truth. So she told a lie.

b. Teachers had a joint conference with the students. They had planned to discuss the existing issues of classroom teaching.

c. Towering mountains have formed a natural barrier between China and Nepal.

d. Understanding between people develops a feeling of fraternity in society.

e. The company has continued to flourish over the years. It has made a great success.

f. The Nepali language is the lingua franca in Nepal. It is used as a common language by different linguistic groups.

Answers

Words Meanings

reluctant => unwilling, hesitant

conference => meeting, session, seminar

barrier => blockade, obstacle, hurdle

fraternity => community, society

flourish => grow, thrive, prosper

lingua franca=> common language

iii. Find the following words in the text above, and underline their best synonyms next to them. The first one has been done for you.

determine: fix on; discover; influence

diversity: difference; similarity; variety

inherent: intrinsic; extrinsic, built-in

integrity: togetherness; incompleteness; entirety

dialect: standard form; vernacular language; regional variety

reciprocal: interactive; complementary; one-way

2. Reading comprehension

Question Answers of Unit 2 Reporting Statements

i. Read the text again and answer these questions.

a. Who are the two speakers in the debate?

Ans: The two speakers in the debate are Karma and Kabita.

b. Who is the supporter of fewer languages?

Ans: Karma is the supporter of fewer languages.

c. What do Karma and Kabita claim?

Ans: Karma claims that using a single language is better for making our life easier and Kabita claims that using multiple languages is better to make life easier and comfortable.

d. Which language is supposed to have a musical quality?

Ans: The Sanskrit language is supposed to have a musical quality.

e. What brings variety in literature?

Ans: Linguistic and cultural differences bring variety in literature.

f. What can minimize the communication barrier?

Ans: Using a single language can minimize the communication barrier.

g. Write down any three benefits of having fewer languages.

Ans: Three benefits of having fewer languages are:

· It strengthens our fraternity.

· It helps in international business and economy.

· It promotes integrity and global understanding

h. Mention any three benefits of having many languages in the world.

Ans: The three benefits of having many languages in the world are:

· It preserves our identity.

· It boosts tourism.

· It promotes our culture.

ii. Including the points that you have noted during reading, summarize the texts above.

Summary of a Debate

For the motion: Using a single language is better than multiple languages

Every year, several languages die out.
The world has become a global village due to the development in science and technology.
People prefer learning the language that helps them to communicate in the global village.
Using the same language would certainly aid understanding and global community.
People can communicate with one another without any problem if there is a single language.
A single language can unite all the people as global citizens.
A single language would promote learning and the flow of information and ideas.
Economic growth is also possible by using single language.
Interpreters will not be needed in international conferences, seminars and workshops.
Single language minimizes the communication barriers and helps international business and also makes the world‟s economy healthier.
Use of a single language may help in solving international and intercultural security problems.
A single language strengthens our fraternity, integrity, security and global understanding, in addition to helping international business and economy.

Against the motion: Using multiple languages is better than a single language

Every year several languages die out. With them, the knowledge inherent there dies too.
Language influences our thought which then influences the reality of the world around us.
Language carries the culture.
Cultural and linguistic diversity have a reciprocal relationship.
Having only one global language is not good.
Each culture is unique.
If a language disappears, along with it, the culture also disappears.
Cultural diversity boosts tourism
The loss of cultures leads to the collapse of the tourism industry.
Using fewer languages also create identity problems.
The ethnic groups without their own language and culture lose their linguistic and cultural identity.
Variety in literature is only possible through linguistic and cultural differences.
Each language has its own taste and owns distinct quality.

Note:-Write a summary using these points.

Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are true or false

a. Karma supports that the fewer the languages, the easier the life will be.

=> True

b. He claims that the global village is possible through the development of Technology.

=> True

c. The Nepali language is said to have a musical quality.

=> False

d. Kavita questions the practicability and possibility of using a single language across the globe.

=>True

e. She argues that if you use fever languages, it may create identity problems.

=>True

Grammar

A. Engage yourself

1. Go through the following expressions of Prashanna and Dolma, and find out how their expressions differ.

Prashanna (on Friday evening): I don’t like this party. I want to go home now.

Dolma (on Saturday morning): Prashanna said that she didn’t like the party, and she wanted to go home then.

Answer=>

a. The first expression is in direct speech (what Prashanna said) but the second one is in indirect speech (what Dolma reported to someone else of what Prashanna said).

b. In the first expression first person pronoun (I) is used, whereas in the second expression, first person is changed into (she).

c. In the first expression the time adverb is „now‟, whereas in the second expression the time adverb is 'then', etc.

2. Tick (Ö ) the correct indirect speech for the following direct expressions.

i. Palten says, “I have won the match.”

=> Palten says that he has won the match.

ii. Yangchen said, “I don’t like to study all the time.”

=> Yangchen said that he didn’t like to study all the time.

B. Time for grammar

1. Read the speech bubbles, and find what Sujal said to Sanskriti.

What Sujal said	What Sanskriti said
Sujal said, “I‟ll see you tomorrow.”	Sanskriti said, “I am leaving now.”
Sujal said, “Sarina phoned me.”	Sanskriti said, “I will phone you tomorrow.”
Sujal said, “I can‟t swim.”	Sanskriti said, “I am learning English.”

2. Report what Sujal told Sanskriti.

=> a. Sujal told Sanskriti that he would see her the next day.

b. Sujal told Sanskriti that Sarina had phoned him.

c. Sujal told Sanskriti that he couldn‟t swim.

Grammar

3. Read the direct speech below and complete the indirect reporting that follows

a." I overslept this morning."

Sankalpa said that he had overslept this morning.

b." The earth moves around the sun."

Durga man told me that the earth moves round the sun.

c."I'm tired."

Hiramaya says that she was tired.

d."John had an accident."

Bidhya said that John had had an accident.

e." I was working until ten o'clock last night."

Asim said that he had been working until 10 o'clock the previous night.

f." When I got there, the place was almost empty."

Sandesh said that when he had got there, the place had been almost empty.

g." I enjoyed myself last night."

Anju said that she had enjoyed herself the previous night.

h."Pujan's living with her husband now."

Sujata sad that Pujan was living with her husband then.

i."I'm meeting John tonight.

Dhanesh said that he was meeting John that night.

j."It's raining cats and dogs here"

She told me that it's raining cats and dogs there.

Class 10 English Unit 2 Reporting Statements Listening Activities (With audio file in youtube video given below)

B. Study time

1. Listen to the telephone conversation, and complete the following message slip.

Telephone Message Slip

Caller’s name : Sapana

Call received by : Yogendra

The caller is looking for : Agrim.

Call time : 8:45 am

Call back number : 974923346

2. Listen to the telephone conversation again, and complete the following sentences with the correct words.

a. Sapana is going to watch a cultural show at Chhinnamasta.

b. Agrim is planning to go to Kathmandu.

c. Yogendra said that Agrim was out.

d. Sapana will wait for Agrim till 10:30 am.

e. Sapana will take a bus to go to Chhinnamasta.

C. Follow-up activities

1. Read the following police report narrative, and prepare a set of interview questions to be asked to Mr. Ghale, an eyewitness, so that you can extract the information included in the narrative.

On January 8, at approximately 7:45 p.m., an unidentified male entered C.N. School and stole 3 laptops. The main gate of the school was closed at the time of crime. Mr. Arun Ghale, security in-charge, was having his supper when the suspect entered. Mr. Ghale stated that he fi red fi rst. Then, he yelled, “Open the ICT lab, and get on the floor!” After the suspect put all the laptops into his bag, he ran out of the school. Mr. Ghale called the police at 8.00 p.m. He described the suspect as an “Eighteen-something male wearing jacket, jeans and a hat." Interview questions

Example: a. When did the robbery happen? ...................................................

Questions to be asked to Mr Ghale

a. When did the robbery happen?

b. What were you doing when the suspect entered he school?

c. What did the suspect do first?

d. What did the suspect ask Mr. Ghale to do?

e. When did Mr. Ghale call the police?

B. Time for writing

People have their own customs, beliefs, art, way of life and social organizations. They are the backbone of civilization and identity. Nowadays, due to western influence, we are neglecting our own culture and following western culture. This leads us to nowhere. Write an essay on “Our Culture, Our Identity” in about 300 words.

We do not have this essay right now. If you can contribute by sending your essay others can be benefited too.

C. Follow-up activity

What do you think about the value of native language in your community? Prepare a debate for or against the statement “Native language is better than the English language.”

For the statement

Click on the below link to get the debate

=> A debate on "Native language is better than English language"

Unit 1 | World Guide to Manners Exercise | Class 10 English Exercise

2021-01-13T21:49:00.082+05:45

Class 10 English Unit 1 Giving withholding and reporting permissions exercise (World Guide to Manners Class 10 English Exercise)

1. Vocabulary in use

Solve the crossword puzzle using appropriate words from the text.

Answers:

Across

1. Uncomfortable; humiliating

=> EMBARRASSING

2. A part of a piece of clothing that covers your arms way

=> SLEEVE

Down

1. Show

=> REVEAL

2. In a strong or definite way

=> FIRMLY

3. Opposite

=> REVERSE

4. Co-workers

=> COLLEAGUES

2. Reading comprehension

i. Read the text and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

a. When an American meets us for the first time, we shake hands.

=>True

b. In many parts of Asia, friends kiss on both cheeks when they meet.

=>False

c. In Mexico, many people think that lunch is a time to relax and socialize.

=>True

d. In India, we should take off our shoes when entering a restaurant.

=>False

e. In Japan, we must present our business cards with both hands.

=>True

f. In Spain, some businesses close in the early afternoon for a couple of hours

=>True

ii. Read the text again, and answer the following questions.

a. Mention any one difference between the American and the Japanese greetings.

Ans: The differences between the American and the Japanese greetings are:

(i) Americans shake their hands firmly, whereas the Japanese do not do so.

(ii) In America, there is physical contact during greetings, but it is not so in Japan.

(iii) The Japanese bow as per the degree of respect, but the Americans do not do so.

b. What type of clothes should Muslim women not wear in Muslim countries?

Ans: Muslim women should not wear short clothes revealing their bodies in Muslim countries.

c. Is your main meal of the day same as that in Britain?

Ans: No, it is not. We have the main meal in the morning and in the evening.

d. In which countries do people prefer discussing business during meals?

Ans: People prefer discussing during meals in Britain and the United States.

e. When is it necessary to print your business card in the local language?

Ans: It is necessary to print your business card in the local language while you are going to a country where our language is not spoken widely.

f. Where does the physical distance between the speakers play a significant role?

Ans: The physical distance between the speakers play a significant role in most South American countries and Mexico.

Follow Up Activities

1. Work in a small group. Think of one or two examples of good manners for the following contexts in your country. Write them in your exercise book, and present them to the class.

a. Greetings

b. Clothes

c. Food and drink

d. Doing business

Answer =>

1. Greeting to people saying Namaste.

2. Wearing national and cultural dresses of Nepal.

3. Eating homemade Nepali food.

4. Not tricking people in business.

Grammar

Engage yourself

Read the following conversations, and find whether the girl is giving or withholding permission.

Answers=>

a. Giving Permission

b. Withholding Permission

What advice about cultural behaviour would you give to someone coming to study in your country?

Nepali people greet saying „namaste’ together with joining both palms. ‘Namaste’ is mostly done on formal occasions. On other occasions, it is done for seniors.
Nepali people address each other saying didi (“older sister”), bahini (“younger sister”), daai (“older brother”), bhaai (“younger brother”), buwa (“father”) and aamaa (“mother”) for a warm reaction.
The gesture of nodding the head means you are interested to the interlocutor; shaking of head left, right means you do not agree.
While meeting for the first time, Nepali people ask each other‟s name, home town and profession.
While eating, once you have touched something to your lips, it is regarded as polluted (jutho) for everyone else.
If you are eating with your hands, use the right one only. The left hand is reserved for washing.
Men wear shirts/long trousers, and women should wear a sari or Kurtha Suruwal on most occasions.
You can shake hands with a stranger; kissing and hugging another in public is not accepted.

B. Time for grammar

1. Work in a pair. Have similar types of conversations for the following situations.

a. use protractor/Of course

=> A: Can I use your protector?

B: Yes, of course.

b. play football/I’m afraid I can’t let you…

=> A: Is it ok if I play football here.

B: I’m afraid. I can’t let you play here.

c. bring my sister to the party/That’s OK

=> A: Is it alright if I bring my sister to the party?

B: That’s ok, you can bring her.

d. borrow your book/Yes, certainly you can

=> A: Can I borrow your books?

B: Yes, certainly you can.

2. Make as many sentences as possible from the following table.

Can

May

Is it Ok/ all right if

Use your cell phone

Use your camera

Go to the book store

Go home

To call my mother?

To take some photographs?

To buy some books?

To take a rest.

Answer =>

1. Can I use your cell phone to call my mother?

2. May I use your camera to take some photographs?

3. Is it OK if I go to the book store to buy some books?

4. Is it all right if go home to take a rest?

C. Follow-up activity

Imagine you are in the Pashupatinath area. Tell a tourist what he/she can and cannot do there.

Example: You cannot take photographs inside the temple.

Things allowed for tourists in Pashupatinath Area	Things not allowed for tourists in Pashupatinath Area
You can visit the temples.	You are not allowed to enter the area without paying entrance fee.
You are allowed to take photographs outside the temple premises.	You cannot take photographs inside the temple.
You can observe the paintings, statues and idols without damaging them.	You must not damage the statues, idols and temple’s property in any way.

Class 10 English Unit 1 Giving withholding and reporting permission (Listening Exercise with audio in the youtube video given below)

Note: Listen to the audio first then solve the listening exercise. Then check your exercise from the below answers.{alertInfo}

Engage Yourself

a. Who are these people?

=>They are a daughter and her parents.

b. What do you think they are talking about?

=>They are talking about a tour.

B. Study time

1. Listen to the conversation, and answer the questions given below.

a. What time are the people in the conversation planning to go to watch the movie?

=> People in the conversation planning to go to watch the movie in the afternoon.

b. What should Bandana do before going to the movie?

=> Bandana should wash the clothes before going to the movie.

c. How many people are going to watch the movie altogether?

=> There are four people going to watch the movie altogether.

d. Whom did Bandana request for permission to watch the movie?

=> Bandana requested her parents for permission to watch the movie.

e. Who told Bandana not to wander after the movie?

-> Her mother told Bandana not to wander after the movie.

2. Listen to the conversation once again, and fill in the gaps with the correct
words.

a. Bandana’s father suggested that she should confirm whether her mother had

any plans or not.

b. Bandana informed her mother that she had a public holiday.

c. Bandanas' best friends are Sumana, Dolma and Tejendra.

d. Her mother allowed her to call her friends at her home.

e. Bandana's friends are curious to see/meet her mother.

C. Follow-up activity

Work in a pair, and complete the table with the expressions used for giving

and withholding permission that you listened to in the audio.

Giving permission

Withholding permission

You can.

Don’t let he go.

My pleasure.

Don’t you go to school? Don’t wander around

C. Follow-up activities

1. Work in a pair. Have a conversation between you and your friend in the following situations.

i. You are the monitor of your class. Your friend is asking for permission to go out of the class.

=> A: May I go out of the class for a while?

B: You may, but you must be inside in five minutes.

ii. Your friend asks you to borrow your brand new expensive selfie-stick for two days. You know he/she drops things easily.

=> A: Excuse me. Can I use your selfie-stick for a day?

B: I am afraid I can‟t let you. This is a new one, and it breaks easily.

Imagine you are at your friends birthday party. Your friend is asking you to stay there. You have to ask your parents for permission. Have a conversation between you and your parents.

Son: Dad, Sujan is asking me to stay at his home today. I would like to stay and make the birthday party more enjoyable for him. Could I stay in his house for one night?

Father: I am afraid you can‟t. You have to help me tomorrow. We have got to complete colouring the room.

Son: Dad, I will be back early morning tomorrow. We can colour the room during the day as well.Can I join the party, please?

Father: It‟s Ok, then. But you must be back early morning.

Son: That‟s alright, dad. Thank you so much.

Writing

Engage yourself

Read the following invitation card, and discuss the given questions in a pair.

Mr. C. P. Mishra and Mrs. K. Regmi request the honour of your presence at the marriage of their daughter

Karuna

with

Kabi

son of Mr. G. S. Poudel and Mrs. N. Adhikari

on Februrary 23rd 2018, at Vision Party Palace, Damak and afterwards for the reception at Hotel Diamond View.

R.S.V.P. 9800000000 Damak, Jhapa

Questions

a. Who is Karuna?

=>Karuna is the daughter of Mr. C.P. Mishra and Mrs. K. Regmi

b. Name the parents of the bride and the bridegroom.

=> Bride‟s parents are Mr. C.P. Mishra and Mrs. K. Regmi, and the bridegroom‟s parents are Mr. G.C. Poudel and Mrs. N. Adhikari.

c. When is the marriage ceremony? The marriage ceremony is on 23rd February, 2018.

=>The marriage ceremony is on 23rd February, 2018.

d. Where is the event going to take place?The event is going to take place at Vision Party Palace.

=>The event is going to take place at Vision Party Palace.

Grammar

Report the following sentences as in the example below

Examples:

a. " You can use my pencil."

I am allowed to use her pencil.

b. " Don't let them enter through this Gate."

They are not permitted to to enter through this Gate.

a." You can take photographs here."

I am allowed to take photographs here.

b." Don't let them leave the school."

They are not permitted to leave the school.

c."Let her sit here."

She is permitted to sit here.

d." You can play here."

I am allowed to play here.

e." Don't let them speak English in Nepali class"

They are not permitted to speak English in Nepali class.

Time for Writing

Imagine your brother had an engagement with a girl. Draft an invitation card for his marriage and show it to your teacher.

Mr. Kapil Giri and Mrs. Bina Acharya

request the honour of your presence to grace the

the auspicious occasion of the wedding ceremony of their loving son

Sabin Giri

(Son of Mr. Dayahari Chand and Mrs. Bhumika Bam)

On Friday, 10th September 2017 from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. at Hotel Great Nepal, Dhading.

Follow Up Activity

Suppose you receive the invitation card above but you will be busy with your own work on February 23, 2018. Compose a letter of apology to Mr. CP Mishra and Mrs. K Regmi explaining the reason why you are unable to attend.

Date:

Dear {Name},

I received your invitation and I am so honoured to be included among the people you want to

celebrate your nuptials. Unfortunately, I will be unable to attend the wedding due to

{reason}..............

I‟m so sorry to miss your joyful day. I know that your wedding will be perfect and I‟m so happy for

you. Congratulations, and I wish you all the best!

Sincerely,

{Name}

Fun Corner

Describe the following picture:

This looks like a wedding party. There is a lot of celebrations going on here. The married couple is on the stage sitting on a sofa. People are celebrating the wedding joyfully and happily. The famous Panche Baja music is also being played here. People are dancing to the tune of Panche Baja. There are a lot of delicious foods on a table which is probably rice, lentils, paneer and chicken as seen in the picture. People are serving themselves the food on a plate standing in a queue and then having the food sitting on a table along with their family, friends or relatives.

Class 8 Guide book of Nepal

2020-12-31T22:37:00.007+05:45

Elements | Chemistry Section | Class 10 (SEE) Science Notes

2020-12-18T20:12:00.019+05:45

Classification of Elements

The process of putting different elements together into different groups or classes according to their characteristic is known as the classification of elements. There are different historical backgrounds of the classification of elements.

Although not only a single scientist could be given credit for the classification of elements, but Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev's contribution in this field is the greatest among other scientists. He had classified 63 elements discovered at that time by making a scientific periodic table.

Note: Antony Lavoisier was the first scientist to classify elements into metals and non-metals.

Periodic table

A table in which elements are classified into various blocks, periods and groups on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities is called periodic table.

Mendeleev's Periodic table

The periodic table in which elements are arranged according to the increasing order of their atomic weight is called Mendeleev's periodic table.

State Mendeleev's periodic law.

Mendeleev's periodic law state that, "the physical and chemical properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic weight

Characteristics of Mendeleev's Periodic table

1. In this table elements were arranged in increasing order of their atomic number.

2. This table consists of seven horizontal rows called periods and eight vertical columns called groups.

3. Some gaps were left for the undiscovered elements like scandium, gallium, germanium, etc.] which should be similar to Born, Aluminium and Silicon, respectively. So, he suggested the names of those undiscovered elements as Eka-Boron, Eka-Aluminium, and Eka-Silicon.

4. In this table, he had not included noble or inert gases, as they were not discovered at that time.

5. The group of Mendeleev's periodic table were not further divided into sub-groups.

Advantages or merits of Mendeleev's periodic table

1. In the history of the classification of elements, Mendeleev's periodic table was the first scientific as well as the systematic table of elements

2. This table made the study of elements easy, fast, systematic and more convenient.

3. In this table, there were some gaps for undiscovered elements, which shows the pathway for other scientists to discover them.

4. It helps to correct the doubtful atomic mass of some elements like gold, platinum, uranium, etc.

Disadvantages or demerits of Mendeleev's Periodic table

1. In Mendeleev's Periodic table, hydrogen was placed along with metal like Li, Na, K, etc. which was not properly explained.

2. He himself had dishonoured his own law by not giving separate positions for isotopes.

3. He could not give the correct position for lanthanides and actinides.

4. He had disobeyed his own law in some cases such as Argon ( having atomic mass 39.9) was placed before potassium ( having atomic mass 39.1) and Co (atomic mass = 58.9) before Ni ( atomic mass = 58.6).

5. Highly reactive alkali metals were grouped together with less reactive coinage metals.

6. Similar elements like Cu and Hg were placed in different groups whereas dissimilar elements like manganese and halogens were

placed at the same group.

7. His periodic table was unable to explain the atomic properties like valency, reactivity, etc.

Isotopes

The atoms of the same element which have the same atomic number but different atomic masses are called isotopes.

For example Protium, Deuterium and Tritium are the three isotopes of hydrogen.

Isobar

Those elements having different atomic numbers but the same atomic masses are called isobar.

For example Argon and Calcium both contain the same atomic mass but different atomic numbers.

Modern Periodic Table

The periodic table in which elements are arranged according to the increasing order of their atomic number is called the modern periodic table. It is also known as the long form of the periodic table. The modern periodic table is based on the atomic number as the fundamental property of elements.

Although Mendeleev's periodic table made history on the classification of demerits. His work also had been criticized more due to drawbacks. So, in the course of finding the solution, Henry Moseley and his friends in 1913 AD proposed another periodic table known as the modern periodic table.

State modern periodic law.

Modern periodic law state that, "the physical and chemical properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic number."

Properties or characteristics of the modern periodic table

1. In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic number.

2. In this periodic table there are seven horizontal rows called periods and eighteen vertical columns called groups.

3. The 14 rare earth elements i.e. Lanthanides (atomic number 58 — 71) and 14 Transuranium elements i.e. actinides (atomic number 90-103) are in separate rows at the bottom of the periodic table.

4. Metals are kept on the left-hand side and non-metal are kept on the right side of the table.

5. Inert gases like He, Ne, Ar, Kr, le and Rn are kept in zero groups at the extreme right side of the table.

Advantages or merits of the modern periodic table

1. Hydrogen has atomic number one with only one electron in its k-shell. Thus, they kept hydrogen in the first period and IA group along with Li, Na and K.

2. The anomalies related to isotopes have automatically been solved since all isotopes of one element have the same atomic number.

3. When elements are arranged based on the increasing atomic number, the wrong position of Ar, and K or Ni and Co has been corrected automatically.

4. More reactive alkali metals are kept under the IA group and less reactive coinage metals are kept under the IB group of the modern periodic table.

5. Lanthanides and actinides are placed in a separate box below the main table to avoid the undue sidewise expansion of the periodic table.

6. The representative, transitional, inner-transitional and noble elements have been separated.

7. The elements are classified into s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block according to the orbital, in which the last electron enters. Thus, the study of elements has become more specific.

Disadvantages or demerits of the modern periodic table

1. Position of hydrogen is still controversial.

2. Lanthanides and actinides ap separated from the main body of the periodic table.

3. According to the electronic configuration the position of helium is not appropriate.

4. In group 'VIII B', there are three vertical columns without any justification.

Periods

The horizontal rows of the periodic table where elements having a gradual change in atomic number and characteristics are kept are called periods.

S.N.	Period	Number of elements	Types of period
1.	First	2	Very short period
2.	Second	8	Short period
3.	Third	8	Short period
4.	Fourth	18	Long-period
5.	Fifth	18	Long-period
6.	Sixth	32	Very long period
7.	Seventh	26	Very long but incomplete period.

Characteristics of periods

i. They are horizontal rows of the periodic table.

ii. These elements have a k-radial change in the atomic number as we move in a particular period.

iii. These elements have gradual changes in characteristics as we in the particular period.

iv. In a period, the atomic size decreases as we move from left to right in a particular period.

v. In a period, valency first increases up to 4 and then decreases up to 0 as we move from left to right in a particular period.

Groups

Vertical columns of the periodic table where elements having almost similar characteristics are kept are called groups. Characteristics of groups are:

i. They are the vertical column of the periodic table.

ii. All the elements in a particular group have almost the same characteristics.

iii. All the elements in a particular group have the same valance electrons.

iv. The atomic size increases as we move from top to bottom in a particular group.

v. The valency remains the same for all elements in a particular group.

Electronic configuration

The arrangement of electrons in an orbital or a shell is called electronic configuration.

Shells are named as K-shell, L-shell, M-shell, N-shell and so on depending upon the distance between the nucleus and the orbits or shells. On the basis of 2n2 formula, duplet means two electrons in the number of shells ( for example helium) and octet means eight electrons in the outermost shell ( for example Ne, Ar etc.). But the electronic configuration of all the elements can not be explained by this formula. So, the concept of sub-shells or orbitals is assumed. Here, s, p, d, and f are the orbitals or sub-shells.

Orbitals or Sub-Shells

The region around the nucleus where there is a maximum probability of finding electrons is called orbital or sub-shell. There are 4 orbitals. They are s, p, d and f. Each orbital has its own capacity to hold the electrons. The capacity of holding electrons by each orbital is as given below

Name of orbital	Capacity of holding electrons
s-orbital	2 electrons
p-orbital	6 electrons
d-orbital	10 electrons
f-orbital	14 electrons

The shape of 's' orbital is spherical whereas the shapes of p, d and f orbitals have dumb-bell shapes.

Here, K-orbit has only one orbital and it is denoted by ls. L-orbit has two orbitals denoted by 2s and 2p. M-orbit has three orbitals denoted by 3s, 3p and 3d. N-shell has four orbitals denoted by 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f. Diagram of different orbitals having different shapes: "s, p, d. f"

State Aufbau principle

Aufbau principle states that "the orbitals of lower energy level are filled at first with the electrons and only then the orbital of higher energy level is filled".

Note: Aufbau is a German noun that means construction or building up. It was formulated by Niels Bohr and Wolfgang Pauli. Examples of Electronic configuration in Sub-shells or Orbitals:

S.N.	Elements	Symbols	Electronic configuration in sub-shell
1.	Hydrogen	H	1s¹
2.	Helium	He	1s²
3.	Lithium	Li	1s²,2s¹
4.	Beryllium	Be	1s²,2s²
5.	Boron	B	1s²,2s² 2p¹
6.	Carbon	C	1s², 2s² 2p²
7.	Nitrogen	N	1s²,2s² 2p³
8.	Oxygen	O	1s²,2s² 2p⁴
9.	Fluorine	F	1s²,2s² 2p⁵
10	Neon	Ne	1s²,2s² 2p⁶
11.	Sodium	Na	1s²,2s² 2p⁶3s¹
12	Magnesium	Mg	1s²,2s2 2p6 3s²
13	Aluminium	Al	1s²,2s2 2p6 3s² 3p¹
14	Silicon	Si	1s²,2s2 2p6 3s² 3p²
15	Phosphorus	P	1s²,2s2 2p6 3s² 3p³
16	Sulphur	S	1s²,2s2 2p6 3s² 3p⁴
17	Chlorine	Cl	1s²,2s2 2p6 3s² 3p⁵
18	Argon	Ar	1s²,2s2 2p6 3s² 3p⁶
19	Potassium	K	1s²,2s2 2p6 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹
20	Calcium	Ca	1s²,2s2 2p6 3s² 3p⁶4s²

1. Classification based on sub-shells in which the last electron enters.

On the basis of orbitals, in which the last electron enters, the elements are classified as,

s-block

The elements whose last electrons enter into 's' sub-shell are called s-block elements. In the modern periodic table, groups IA and IIA are the s-block elements. For example Sodium, Magnesium etc. are the elements of s-block.

p-block

The elements whose last electrons enter into 'p' sub-shell are called p-block elements. In the modern periodic table, the elements of groups IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and zero groups are the p-block elements. For example Boron, Nitrogen, Oxygen etc. are the elements of p-block.

d-block

The elements whose last electron enters into 'd' sup-shell are called d-block elements. In the modern periodic table, the elements of groups IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIIIB are the elements of d-block. For example Iron, Nickel, Copper etc. are the elements of d-block. The d-block elements are also known as transitional elements.

f-block

The elements whose last electron enters into 'f' sub-shell are called f-block elements. In the modern periodic table, it consists of two series of 14 elements known as lanthanides and actinides. These elements are placed at the bottom of the periodic table. They are also known as inner-transitional elements.

Classification based on the number of incomplete shells in an atom

The elements also are classified into four types depending upon the number of incomplete shells in an atom. They are:

a. Representative elements

b. Transitional elements

c. Inner-transitional elements

d. Noble Gases or Inert elements

Some important things to remember from periods and groups.

1. The size of atoms goes on increasing on moving from top to bottom in a group as the number of shells goes on increasing.

2. While going from left to right in a period, the atomic size decreases because the number of shells remains constant but the internuclear forces of attraction between the nucleus and the valance electron increase. It is due to an increase in the number of protons in the nucleus and the number of electrons in the last shell.

2. Atomic size decreases left to right in the period.

3. Valency remains the same for the particular group but first increases up to four and decreases up to zero along in the period.

4. While going from top to bottom in a group, the reactivity of metals goes on increasing because the number of shells or atomic radii goes on increasing due to this, the internuclear force of attraction between the nucleus and valance electron decreases. Hence, the loss of electrons becomes easy and reactivity increases as metals always donate the electrons during the chemical reactions.

5. While going from top to bottom in a group, the reactivity of non-metals goes on decreasing because the number of shells or atomic radii goes on increasing due to this, the internuclear force of attraction between the nucleus and valance electron decreases. Hence, the gain of electrons becomes difficult and the reactivity decreases as non-metal receive or gain the electron during the chemical reaction.

6. While going from left to right in a period, the reactivity of metals decreases because the numbered shell remains constant but the internuclear force of attraction between the nucleus and the valance shell increases due to an increase in the number of protons in the nucleus and electrons in valance shell. Hence, the atomic size decreases and it becomes too difficult to lose electrons during the chemical reactions.

7. While going from left to right in a period, the reactivity of non-metals increases because the numbered shell remains constant but the internuclear force of attraction between the nucleus and the valance shell increases due to increase in the number of protons in the nucleus and electrons in valance shell. Hence, the atomic size decreases and it becomes easy to gain electrons during the chemical reaction.

Reactivity increases left to right in the period.

Uses of Periodic table

i. It makes the study of elements easy, fast, clear, systematic and scientific

ii. It gives the correct position of elements.

iii. It helps to study the properties of elements.

Explain the position of hydrogen in the modern periodic table.

Hydrogen has only one electron and one proton. Sometimes it loses its electron to make hydrogen ion (Hi) similar to the alkali metals of group IA groups and sometimes it gains one electron to make hydride (fr) similar to halogens of the VIIA group. Due to this reason, it is very difficult to keep it at a particular place. But due to one atomic number, it is kept under the IA group at the top of the modern periodic table.

Differentiate between

S.N.	Modern periodic table	S.N.	Mendeleev's periodic table
1.	In this table, elements are arranged on the basis of the increasing order of atomic numbers.	1.	In this table, elements are arranged on the basis of the increasing order of atomic weight.
2.	It has seven periods and eighteen groups.	2.	It has seven periods and eight groups.
3.	The position of Lanthanides and actinides is justified.	3.	The position of Lanthanides and actinides is not justified.
4.	Highly reactive alkali metals and less reactive coinage metals are kept in the same group.	4.	Highly reactive alkali metals and less reactive coinage metals are kept in one group.

S.N.	Groups	S.N.	Periods
1	The vertical columns of elements in the periodic table are called groups.	1.	The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods.
2.	All the elements of a group have the same valency.	2.	The elements of a period have different valency.
3.	The size of atom increases from top to bottom.	3.	The size atom decreases from left to right.
4.	The element of same group have similar properties.	4.	The elements of the same period have different properties.

S.N.	S-block	S.N.	P-block
1.	The elements whose last electrons enter into 's' sub-shell are called s-block elements.	1.	The elements whose last electrons enter into 'p' sub-shell are called p-block elements.
2.	Elements of group IA and IIA belong to s-block.	2.	Elements of group IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and zero group
3.	It is present at the left side of the periodic table.	3.	It is present at the right side of the periodic table.
4.	It includes only metals (i.e. alkali metals and alkaline earth metals).	4.	It includes metals, metalloids, non-metals and inert gases.

S.N.	Representative elements	S.N.	Transition elements
1.	The elements of sub-group 'A' in the periodic table are called representative elements.	1.	The elements of sub-group 'B' in the periodic table are called transition elements.
2.	They include both metal and non-metal.	2.	They are all metals
3.	Only the valance shell is incompletely filled.	3.	The last and second last shells are incompletely filled.
4.	They have single definite valency.	4.	They have variable valency.

S.N.	Alkali metals	S.N.	Halogens
1	They are highly reactive metals.	1.	They are highly reactive non-metal.
2.	They are good conductors of electricity.	2.	They are non-conductor of electricity.
3.	They form electrovalent compounds with non-metals.	3.	They form electrovalent compounds with metals and covalent compounds with hydrogen.
4.	They are the elements of group IA in the periodic table.	4.	They are the elements of group VIIA in the periodic table.

Different types of elements according to their group in the modern periodic table

Alkali metal

Elements of group IA of the modern periodic table except hydrogen are called alkali metals. They are highly reactive metals except for hydrogen. Elements of group IA are called alkali metals because they react with water to give strong alkali.

Alkaline earth metal

Elements of group IIA of the modern periodic table are called alkaline earth metals.

Elements of group IIA are called alkaline earth metals because their oxides react with water to form alkali and their oxides exist in the earth even at high temperatures.

Halogens

Elements of group VIIA of the modern periodic table are called halogens. They are also called highly reactive non-metal.

Elements of group VIIA are called halogens because they form salt after reacting with the elements of group IA except for hydrogen and they form acid after reacting with hydrogen.

Inert gases

Elements of group VIIA or Zero group of the modern periodic table are called inert gases.

Elements of group VIIA or zero groups are called inert gases or noble gases because they do not take part in any chemical reaction.

Different types of elements on the modern periodic table according to their block in the periodic table

Representative elements or Normal elements

Those elements which lie under s-block and p-block of the modern periodic table except zero group elements are called representative elements or normal elements.

Elements of s-block and p-block except zero group are called representative elements because their outermost orbit is incompletely filled with single valency.

Transitional elements

Those elements which lie under the d-block of the modern periodic table are called transitional elements.

Elements of d-block are called transitional elements because their second last and last outermost orbits are incompletely filled with electrons.

Inner-transitional elements

Those elements which lie under the f-block of the modern periodic table are called inner-transitional elements.

Elements of f-block are called inner-transitional elements because their third last, second last and last outermost orbits are incompletely filled with electrons.

Lanthanides

The 14 elements starting from atomic number 58 to atomic number 71 of the modern periodic table are called lanthanides. They are rear earth elements.

Actinides

The 14 elements starting from atomic number 90 to atomic number 103 of modern periodic are called actinides. They are transuranium.

Class 10 Science Invertebrates

2020-12-10T18:33:00.018+05:45

Class 10 Science Biology Notes on Invertebrates

Those animals which do not have a backbone in their body are called invertebrates. For example amoeba, paramecium, housefly, mosquito, silkworm, honey bees
etc. are invertebrates.

Silkworm:

A silkworm is a useful insect as it produces high-quality silk fibre. The silk fibre is used to produce silk clothes, shawls and other attractive as well as expensive clothes. Silk is obtained from the cocoons of silkworms.

Types of Silkworm:

There are two types of silk moths commonly reared in Nepal. They are:

Eri silkworm )Attacus ricini)
Seri silkworm )Bombyx mori)

Here, Seri silkworm feeds on mulberry leaves and Eri silkworm feeds on castor leaves

The external structure of silk moth:

A silk moth is two to three centimetres long (in average 2.5 cm) with a creamy white feathery body. The body is divided into three parts ( i.e. head, thorax and abdomen). The head bears a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae and a sucking type of mouth. The thorax bears two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs. The abdomen consists of ten segments. The last segment has external genitalia (reproductive organ). The abdomen of the female is larger than a male silkworm.

The life cycle of silkworm:

Fig: Life cycle of silkworm

The lifecycle of silkworm completes in four stages i.e. egg, Iarva, pupa and adult. The male silkworm dies after copulation and the female moth dies after laying eggs.

1. Eggs

A female moth lays about 300 — 400 eggs in clusters on a mulberry leaf. The eggs are whitish, small and have a round structure, which turns grey later. During suitable conditions and temperatures of about 18C to 25C, the egg hatch into larvae in about 10-12 days.

2. Larva

The larva of the silkworm is grey in colour and it is the very active stage of the lifecycle of the silk moth. The larva of the silk moth or caterpillar is the voracious feeder on mulberry leaves. It is only the stage of eating and growing. The larva moults four times in the sixth, twelfth, eighteenth, and twenty-sixth days respectively. While moulting, the caterpillar stops feeding for some hours.

Note: The stage of the larva between two successive moultings is called an instar. After the last moulting, it develops a pair of salivary glands which secrete liquid silk on the lateral side of the body and when this liquid silk comes in contact with air, it becomes hard with fine thread, inside which the caterpillar is enclosed which is also known as the cocoon or pupa case.

3. Pupa

It is the inactive stage in the lifecycle of the silkworm, which doe5 not eat and move at all. However, histogenesis and histolysis are taking place inside the silk cocoon. The silk thread is obtained in the pupa stage of the silkworm.

[Note: For obtaining silk thread for commercial purposes, the cocoons are put in hot water or oven to destroy the glue of the silk thread and to kill the pupa so they can obtain very long silk thread from a single cocoon.]

4. Adult

The pupa develops inside the cocoon into the adult silkworm. It emerges out by breaking th» cocoon with the secretion of alkaline fluid, which softens the thread. The adult silkworm has 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings. It lives for Sto 6 days. An adult silkworm does not feed at all. This stage is just for reproduction and to continue the lifecycle.

Features of silk thread:

Silk is shiny, attractive, light and durable fibre.
It is strong, long and elastic fibre.
It can be coloured easily.
It can be dried easily.
It does not decay easily.
The clothes made from silk fibre are attractive, durable and expensive.

Economic importance of silkworm

Silk is used to make clothes, nets, surgical stitching thread, curtains, etc.
It is used for fishing.
It can be blended with other fabrics to make more attractive clothes.
It increases the economic condition of a person thereby uplifting the economic status of the nation.
A maximum number of women can be employed in sericulture.
It can be reared in low land areas.

Honey bee

Honey bees are very useful social insects. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda and class Insecta of invertebrates. They live in a big colony/hive feed on pollen grains and nectar or juices of flowers. Honey bees being social insects; live in a big colony, produce honey and have a strong discipline, leadership, higher understandings, unity and division of labour.

Anatomy of Honeybee

Honey bees are usually oval shape creatures with golden-yellow colours and brown brands. The queen bee is the largest bed with a large elongated abdomen and it is up to 2cm long in length. Drone bees are smaller than the queen bee but larger than workers. Worker bees are the smallest in size and they measure up to 1.5cm.

The body of the honey bee is divided into three major parts (i.e. head thorax and abdomen) The head consists of eyes, an antennae and a feeding structure. The eye includes a compound eye and a simple eye. Compound eyes help the bees to understand colour, light and UV-ray direction while simple eyes detect the amount of light present. The antenna detects odours and measures flight speed. The mandible is the bee's jaw used in eating pollen, cutting and shaping wax, feeding larvae and the queen, cleaning the hive, grooming and fighting. Worker bees have the ability to chew and lapping.

The thorax has three segments and it consists of two pairs of wings, three pairs of legs and

movement controller muscles. Fore wings are used for flight and cooling the body while hind limbs cool the hive. The legs of worker bees are covered with hair and they contain a pollen basket for storing the pollen and nectar. The sixth segment of the abdomen includes the female reproductive organ in the queen bee and the male reproductive organ in the drone. Both the queen and worker bees have stingers at the end of their abdomen.

Three types of Honey Bee

There are three types of the honey bees. In a hive or colony, They are:

Queen bee (which is egg-laying female; one in a colony)
Drones ( a few hundred in a colony)
Worker (sterile females, about 20 thousand to 80 thousand in a colony)

Life Cycle of a Honeybee

The honey bee's life cycle goes through 4 basic stages. They are egg, larva, pupa and adult stage. As a colony has three classes of bees, queens, drones and workers, each class of bees develops as an adult over varying durations.

Egg stage

A queen bee lays eggs up to 3,000 eggs in a day. The queen bee packs eggs closely together within cells. The eggs are long elongated and pink coloured. During the first stage of its development, the egg cell divides rapidly and form the digestive system, the nervous system and the outer covering. After three days, the egg hatch into the larva.

Note:

Each and every egg of the bee doesn't fertilize by sperms. Fertilized eggs are diploid with a pair of 16 chromosomes (16 from male and 16 from female) while unfertilized eggs are haploid and have only 16 chromosomes in them. Fertilized eggs are developed as queen bees and workers bees while unfertilized eggs develop as drone bees. Future queens develop into a large cells in the egg stage.

Larva Stage

During the larva stage, each larva is fed about 1,300 times a day. They are fed ‘royal jelly’, a nutritious food, by worker bees for 3 days. These workers bees have the specific task of feeding larvae and tending the brood and are often called ‘brood nurses’. After three days, the larvae of worker bees and drone bees are feed with less nutritious food called ‘bee bread’ which is made from pollen, honey and the secretion of brood nurse while the potential queen larva receives royal jelly continuously. Due to differences in intake of nutrients, bees show differences in the rate of their development. All the larvae undergo moulting and their body develop rapidly.

Pupa stage

At the end of the larva stage, the brood cell gets close and the larva becomes the pupa. In about 5.5 days, the potential queen bee's larva spins itself into a cocoon and becomes a pupa while it takes 6 days for the drone and the worker larva to become a cocoon inside it. Under the broad, inside the cocoon, the pupa gets metamorphosed into an adult honey bee.

Adult stage

A queen bee gets metamorphosed from the pupa to the adult stage in about 7.5 days while it takes 14.5 days for the drone bee and 12 days for the worker bee. For about 21 days, the adult worker bees engage themselves inside the hive as brood nurses by cutting and shaping wax, feeding larvae and the queen, cleaning and protecting the hive. After 21 days, worker bees get out of the hive for the collection of pollen and nectar from the flower of plants as well as they protect the hive from enemies.

When a worker bee sees a source of pollen and nectar, it dances and communicates the information with other bees which is known as the honey bee dance. Drone bees are lazy and do not work. Honey bee colonies survive in winter as they have enough food resources, are able to keep sufficiently warm and are free from diseases. However, in the winter, colonies are smaller than in summer because part of the colony leaves the hive and some worker bees

die due to cold. The queen bee lives up to 2 years, drones up to 4 months and the worker bees live up to 4to 6 months. When the number of bees and queens increases in the hive, a new queen and worker bees separated from the colony along with drones to form a new colony. When the existing queen dies or becomes incapable of laying eggs, worker honey bees rises a new queen from their colony. As a new queen becomes young, she attends a nuptial flight.

A nuptial flight is a mode of flying of the queen bee for mating with several drones. After mating drones die due to the exhausting of energy released in the form of sperm. When the sperms are stored in its abdomen, the queen bees begin to lay eggs in the hive.

Different types of honey bees and their work division.

Bees	Work
Drone bees	To fertilize female.
Queen	Laying egg and controlling the colony.
Workers of 1- 3 days	They are very small and weak. They warm the eggs, larva and pupa.
Workers of 4- 6 days	They feed larva and eat themselves.
Workers of 7- 11 days	They produce royal jelly. They feed royal jelly to larvae and queens and also eat themselves.
Workers of 12- 17 days	They produce wax and use wax to make honeycomb. They close the mouth of the honeycomb by using wax.
Workers of 18 - 20 days	They produce poison and protect the whole comb.
Workers of 21 days	They become mature and go out of the comb for searching nectar, pollen, water, etc.

Importance of honey bees:

Honey bees help in pollination while moving from flowers to flowers of plants. Without pollination from bees, some of the plants can not fertilize and fruit/food production decreases.
Honey is packed with a number of nutrients that are necessary for human health benefits.
Honey bees are important for apiculture, through which honey is manufactured on a large scale.
Honey is used in bakeries, confectioneries, food industries, pharmaceutical industries, etc.
Natural waxes which are secretion of honey bees are used in quality candles, cosmetics and in polishing goods.

Important Question Answers related to Silkworm and Honeybee

Q.1) What is sericulture?

Ans. The rearing of silkworms for the production of silk thread in a commercial scale is known as sericulture.

Q. 2) Classify silkworm.

Kingdom — Animal

Sub-kingdom — Invertebrate

Phylum — Arthropoda

Class — Insecta

Type — Silkworm

Q. 3) In which phase does the larva produce the silk thread?

Ans. In the 5th instar of the larva, the silk thread is produced by the larva.

Q. 4) Why silk moth is called the queen of fibres?

Ans. Silkmoth produces shiny, strong, long and attractive quality fibre. So, it is also called the queen fibres.

Q. 5) Why do farmers keep the silkworm's eggs in cold places?

Ans. The cold environment (i.e. below 180C ) for the egg of the silk moth prevents the hatching the larva from the eggs. As larvae of the silkworm is a voracious feeder on mulberry leaves, it is done when there is a shortage of the mulberry leaves as the food for the newly hatched larvae.

Q. 6) What is swarming?

Ans. The process by which a new honey bee colony is formed when the queen bee leaves the colony with a large group of worker bees is called swarming.

Q. 7) Show the differences between:

a) Silkworm and honeybee

Ans: The differences between silkworm and honeybee are as follows:

Silkworm	Honeybee
It has five stages called instars.	It has no such instar.
Different forms of larvae are not differentiated on the basis of food intake.	Different forms of larvae like queens, workers and drones are differentiated on the basis of food intake.

b) workers bees and drones

Answer: The differences between worker bees and drones are as follows:

Worker bees	Drone Bees
They feed the newly formed larva.	They fertilize the queen.
These are sterile female bees.	These are fertile male bees.
They are smaller than drones.	They are larger than the workers.
They are the busiest and hardworking bees.	They are not busy and hardworking bees.

Q. 8. Define the following terms:

a. Brood nurse

Ans: Workers bees have the specific task of feeding larvae and tending the brood and often called ‘brood nurse’

b. Bee bread

Ans: Low nutritious food fed to all the larvas for 3 days and only fed to the worker and drone bees afterwards is called bee bread.

c. Nuptial flight

Ans: A nuptial flight is a mode of flight for the queen bees to mate with drones.

d. Drone bee

Ans: Drone bees are basically male bees.

9. Give reasons:

a. Royal jelly is fed continuously to the queen bee for six days. Why?

Ans: Royal jelly is a nutritious food that helps in the biological and physical development of queen bee as queen bee is larger in size than other. Hence, for the proper development of the queen bee royal jelly is fed continuously to the queen bee for six days.

b. Why don't worker bees have reproductive organs in their abdomen?

Ans: Worker bees don't have reproductive organs in their abdomen because worker bees are sterile female bees and their reproduction organs do not function.

Pressure Class 10 (SEE) Science Notes

2020-12-10T18:25:00.011+05:45

Pressure

The perpendicular force acting per unit surface area is called pressure.

Pressure(P) = Force(F)/Area(A)

The SI unit of pressure is N/m^2 or Pascal (Pa).

Prove that P=F/A

Solution,

According to the definition of pressure,

i) Pressure is directly proportional to the force applied.

i.e P ∝ F ........... (i) (if the area is taken as a constant term.)

ii) Pressure is inversely proportional to the surface area.

i.e P ∝ 1/A .......... (ii) (if force is taken as a constant-term.)

Now,

By combining equations (I) and (ii), we get,

P∝ F/A

or P= kF/ A where k is the proportionality constant and its value is 1 in the unit system.

P= 1F/A

P = F/A proved

Question Answers

Name the factors on which the pressure depends.

Factors on which pressure depends on are:

i) Force

ii) Surface area

Define one Pascal pressure.

When one Newton force is applied or the unit surface area then the pressure is said to be one Pascal pressure.

What is thrust? Write down its SI unit.

The force which is acting perpendicular to the surface is called thrust. The SI unit of thrust is Newton (N).

Give Reasons

The foundation of a building is made wider than walls, why?

The foundation of a building is made wider than walls because the wall of the building and its roof exert pressure on the wide-area of the foundation and this reduces pressure over the earth's surface due to which the building is saved from collapsing.

The wheels of a tractor are made larger and flat, why?

The wheels of a tractor are made larger and flat to reduce the pressure exerted by the tractor as the pressure is inversely proportional to the surface area. Flat and large tires prevent from descending into the muddy land.

Camel can walk easily on sand, Why?

Camel has flat soles feet which exert low pressure due to the bodyweight of a camel. As pressure is inversely proportional to the surface area, there is less pressure exerted by a flat-soled foot of a camel. Hence, Camel can walk easily on sand.

Studs are made on the sole of a football player's boot, why?

Football players must have to run with greater speed and turn very fast. Therefore, studs are made on the sole of a football player's boot to increase the pressure on the ground which prevents the players from falling and sliding on the ground.

Liquid Pressure

The force exerted by the liquid per unit area on the wall of the container is called liquid pressure.

Liquid pressure (P)= height of liquid(h) * density of liquid(d) * acceleration due to gravity (g)

Prove that: P = hdg

Let, us consider 'h' to be the height of the liquid (water) in a container, 'd' be the density of the liquid, 'g' be the acceleration due to gravity and 'A' be the cross-section area of the container.

Now,

From the definition of pressure,

Pressure(P) = Force(F) / Area(A) [Force = mass(m)x acceleration due to gravity(g) ]

=(density(d)x volume(v)x g)/ Area(A) [i.e. mass(m)= density(d) x volume(v)]

=(dxvxg)/A

= (dxAxhxg)/A

= dhg

=hdg

Question Answers

Name the factors on which liquid pressure depends.

Ans. The factors on which liquid pressure depends are:

i) Depth of the liquid from its free surface(h).

ii) Density of the liquid (d).

iii) Acceleration due to gravity acting on the liquid (g).

Write down the properties of liquid pressure.

Ans. Some properties of liquid pressure are as given below:

i) Liquid pressure is directly proportional to the depth of the liquid from its free surface.

ii) Liquid finds its own level.

iii) Pressure applied on an enclosed container liquid transmits equally in all directions.

iv) The pressure of liquid does not depend upon the shape and volume of the container in which it is kept.

v) Liquid pressure depends on its density.

Give Reasons

Walls of dams are made thicker at the bottom, why?

Water exerts greater pressure near or at the bottom of the walls of dams as liquid pressure is directly proportional to the depth. Therefore, the walls are made thicker at the bottom so, they can hold high liquid pressure exerted by water and prevent the wall from collapsing.

The bottom of a water vessel is made thicker, why?

Water exerts more pressure at the bottom of the vessel as liquid pressure increases with an increase in depth. So, the bottom of the water vessel is made thicker to hold the greater pressure exerted by water at the bottom of the vessels.

Blood pressure in the human body is greater at the feet than at the brain, why?

The distance between the heart and the feet is greater than the distance between heart and head. As liquid pressure is directly proportional to the heart and head. As liquid pressure is directly proportional to the depth of the liquid, so blood exerts more pressure at the feet of the human body than at the head. Hence, blood pressure in the human body is greater at the feet than at the brain.

Pascal's law

Pascal's law state that, "the pressure is equally transmitted perpendicularly to all sides as pressure is applied at a place on a liquid contained in a closed container".

Different machines based on Pascal's law

Some machines based on Pascal's law (application of Pascal's taw) are:

a. Hydraulic lift

b. Hydraulic press

c. Hydraulic brake

d. Hydraulic crane

Hydraulic lift

The machine based on Pascal's law which is used to lift the vehicles in automobile servicing stations during their service is called hydraulic lift.

It is also used to carry people from one floor to another in tall buildings by multiplying the force.

Hydraulic press or machine

The machine which works on the principle of Pascal's law by converting a little force into a larger force is called a hydraulic machine.

Hydraulic brakes

The machine based on Pascal's law which is used to stop the heavy moving vehicles like trucks, buses, aeroplanes etc. by applying a little force is called hydraulic brakes.

How can you prove that a hydraulic machine is a force multiplier?

Solution,

The hydraulic machine consists of two-cylinder tubes of different cross-sectional areas Aland A2 connected together with a horizontal tube. The apparatus is filled with water The tubes and are provided with the water and airtight pistons 'A' and 'B' as shown in the diagram. Here, F1be the force applied on the piston 'A' and F2 be the force applied on piston 'B'.

Now,

According to Pascal's law,

Pressure on piston A (P1) = Pressure on piston B (P2)

or, P1 =P2

or F1/A1= F2/A2 ( when the machine is on frictionless condition)

or, F2 = (F1/A1)* A2

Here F2 is greater than F1 so it proves that hydraulic machine is a force multiplier.

Density

The density of the substance is defined as the mass of the substance in per unit volume.

i.e Density = mass/volume

The SI unit of density is kg/m^3 and the CGS unit of density is gm/cm^3.

Relative density

The relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of the density of any substance to the density of water at 4°C.

i.e Relative Density = Density of substance / Density of water at 4°C

Relative density of different substances

S.N	Substances	Density(kg/m^3)	Gm/cm^3	Relative Density
1	Water	1000	1	1
2	Milk	1030	1.03	1.03
3	Mercury	13600	13.6	13.6
4	Ice	920	0.92	0.92
5	Gold	19300	19.3	19.3

What is the density of water at 40°C?

The density of water at 4°C is 1000 kg/m^3 in the SI system of the unit whereas 1gm/cm^3 in the CGS system of the unit.

Upthrust

The resultant upward force exerted by a fluid on an object which is completely or partially immersed into the fluid is called upthrust.

Upthrust given by water= Wt. of stone in the air - Wt. of stone in water

Upthrust (U) =W1- W2

What is the relation of upthrust with the density of the given liquid?

Upthrust is directly proportional to the density of the liquid. It means that the liquid with more density applies more upthrust. So, the substance with greater density than that of water sinks in water whereas the substance with less density than that of water floats in water.

Archimedes's principle

Archimedes's principle states that "When a body is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust which is equal to the immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by a body."

Experimental verification of Archimedes's principle

Materials required

i) Eureka can

ii) Top pan balance

iii) Stone

iv) Thread

v) Spring balance

Procedure

1. Find out the weight of the stone in the air (i.e. W1).

2. Fill the eureka can with water.

3. Keep the beaker over pan balance as shown in the figure.

4. Take the weight of the empty beaker, let it be W2.

5. Immerse the stone wholly into the water of the Eureka can and note the weight of the stone inside the water. Let it be W3.

6. The water overflows when the stone is immersed into it and gets collected in the beaker. The weight of the beaker with water is taken. Let it be W4.

Upthrust (Loss in weight of the stone) W1 - W3.

Weight of displaced water = W4 - W2

Here, it is observed that W1 - W3 = W4 -W2

Thus, loss in weight of a body (upthrust) in liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.

Hence, Archimedes's principle is verified experimentally.

Theoretical proof of Archimedes's principle or prove that: U = vdg

To prove that: Upthrust (U) =weight of displaced liquid Solution,

Solution,

Let us consider a body PQRS of Height 'h' and cross-sectional area 'A' is completely immersed in a liquid of density V. The height of liquid column above the surface PQ is h1 and above the surface SR is h2.

Here, Pressure on the upper surface of PQ is given by;

P1=h1dgA

Again, Pressure on lower surface of SR is given by

P2=h2dgA

Since, h2 > h1,

Resultant upthrust (U) = F2- F1

= h2dgA – h1dgA

= dgA (h2 — h1)

= dgAh [i.e. h2-h1= h]

- dgv [ i.e. v = A*h]

- mg [ i.e. m= d*v]

= Weight of displaced liquid.

Hence, Upthrust(U) =Weight of displaced liquid. proved

Law of floatation

The Law of floatation states that "an object that floats on liquid displaces the liquid equal to its own weight".

i.e. Weight of floating object =Weight of displaced liquid

Experimental verification for the law of floatation

Materials required

i. A block of wood

ii. Spring balance

iii. Ureak can

iv. Beaker

v.Top pan balance

Procedure

1. Take the weight of the block of wood. Let it be W1.

2. Fill the Eureka can with water up to the spout and place the beaker below its spout. Take the weight of the beaker. Let it be W2.

3. Now put the block of wood into the Eureka can. It will float on water and displace the water.4. The water is collected in the empty beaker. Let the weight of the beaker with water be W3.

Weight of displaced water = W3-W2

From the above experiment, it is observed that: W1= W3-W2

i.e. Weight of floating body = weight of the liquid displaced.

Hence, the principle of floatation is verified experimentally.

Conditions for different solids kept in a liquid

1. When the density of a given substance is less than that of a given liquid then, it floats in a liquid.

2. When the density of a given substance is equal to the given liquid then it remains to suspend at the same place inside the liquid.

3. When the density of a given substance is more than that of a given liquid then, it sinks in a liquid.

Some applications of the principle of floatation

a. Hydrometer

b. Ships and boats

C. Icebergs

d. Hot air balloons

Hydrometer

The device which is used to measure the density or relative density of liquids is called a hydrometer.

When the hydrometer is placed in a liquid, it sinks until it displaces the liquid equal to its own weight. The hydrometer sinks less in the liquids having more density and sinks more in the liquids having less density.

Types of hydrometer

There are two types of a hydrometer. They are:

ii. Constant immersion hydrometer.

ii. Constant weight hydrometer.

i. Constant immersion hydrometer

The hydrometer which is to be immersed to the constant level by changing the weight while measuring the density of the liquid is called a constant immersion hydrometer.

It has a constant immersed part in every liquid.

ii. Constant weight hydrometer

The hydrometer whose weight is constant and measure the density of liquid directly is called a constant weight hydrometer.

It has variable immersed parts in different liquids.

Lactometer

A specially designed constant weight hydrometer that is used to measure the purity of milk is called a lactometer.

Atmospheric pressure

The pressure exerted by the mixture of different gases on the surface of the earth is called atmospheric pressure.

The atmospheric pressure at the sea level is called normal atmospheric pressure or standard atmospheric pressure.

The value of normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm of Hg or one atmospheric pressure is equal to 10^5Pa.

As the amount of air decreases at the height, the atmospheric pressure also decreases. So, the atmospheric pressure decreases with a decrease in altitude.

Uses of atmospheric pressure

a. It is used to fill ink in the pen.

b. It is used to make syringes.

c. It is used to make an air filling pump.

d. It is used to make tube-well.

Prove experimentally that atmospheric pressure exists.

Method no 1

Take a tin can with a little of the water in it. Take it for a few minutes as shown in figure (a). Close the lid of the can immediately and cut off the flame. Now, cool the can under a tap as shown in figure (b). At first, the pressure of the air inside the can and outside it was equal. When it was heated, the air inside the can escape out and the space was occupied with the steam. On cooling the can, the steam condensed creating a partial vacuum inside the can. Hence, the atmospheric pressure is greater outside the can and less inside the tin can due to which the tin can get crushed inward.

This proves that there is atmosphere exerts pressure.

Method no 2

Take a glass filled with water and cover its mouth with cardboard. Invert the glass supporting the cardboard with the help of the palm as shown in the diagram. Hold the glass in your hand and remove the other hand slowly which was supporting the cardboard. The atmosphere exerts pressure upwards on the cardboard due to which the cardboard and the water do not fall.

This shows that there is atmospheric pressure.

Barometer

The instrument which is used to measure the atmospheric pressure of a certain place is called a barometer.

There are two types of barometers. They are:

i. Mercury barometer

ii. Aneroid barometer

Explain the construction and working process of the mercury barometer

Constructionof mercury barometer

A normal mercury barometer consists of one meter long graduated glass tube, closed at one end, completely filled with mercury and inverted vertically into the mercury-filled trough.

Working process of the mercury barometer

The gap or vacuum called Torricellian vacuum is created at the tube above the level of mercury inside the tube in a barometer due to the effect of atmospheric pressure. When the atmospheric pressure increases, the mercury level in the glass tube of the barometer rises up and when the atmospheric pressure decreases, the mercury level in the glass tube falls down. The level of mercury in the glass tube shows the atmospheric pressure of a place.

Air filling pump

A simple device which is used to pump (fill) the air in tubes of tires of bicycles or tubes of volleyball, football etc. and based on the principle of atmospheric pressure is called air filling pump.

Explain the construction and working process of the air filling pump.

Construction of the air filling pump

The air filling pump consists of a cylinder, piston and nozzle. The cylinder is connected with a nozzle at one end and its other end is open. A piston with a rubber or leather washer is put through it. The other end of the piston is connected with a handle.

Working Process of the air filling pump

To fill the air inside the tubes, the piston must be moved up and down continuously. While pulling the piston up, there creates a vacuum inside the cylinder. In this vacuum air is filled from the atmosphere as we push the piston down, the air enters into the tube through the nozzle of the cylinder. Similarly, when we push the piston up, air from the tube can not come back out as there is a valve in the tube, which get closed automatically. This process is continued to fill the tube completely.

Water pump or tube well or Hand pump

The water pump is an instrument that is used to pull underground water and based on the principle of atmospheric pressure.

Explain the construction and working process of Water-pump OR Tube-well OR Hand pump.

Construction of water pump

Numerical Problems From Exercise

Find the pressure exerted on the bottom of the pond having a depth of 1.5m.

Solution,

Given,

Depth of pond(h) = 1.5m

Density of water (d) = 1000 kg/M^3

Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s^2

Pressure (P) = ?

Now,

By using formula,

P = hdg

= 1.5 x 1000 x9.8

= 14700 Pa

= 1.47 x 104Pa

If your mass is 45 kg, what weight of water is to be displaced by you to float in water, why?

Solution,

Mass of a body (m) = 45kg

Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s^2

Weight of a body (W) = m x g

= 45 x 10

= 450 N

Here, according to the law of floatation, a floating body must displace the liquid equal to its own weight.

Hence, 450 N weight of water must be displaced by my body in order to float in water.

A hydraulic automobile lift is designed to lift cars with a maximum mass of 3000kg. The area of cross-section of the piston carrying the load is 425 cm^2. What maximum pressure would the smaller piston have to bear?

Solution,

Mass of car (m) = 3000kg

Load on the piston(F) = m x g

= 3000 x 9.8 N

= 29400 N

Cross-section area of carrying load (A) = 425 cm2

= 0.0425m2

Now,

Pressure(P) = Force(f) / Area(A)

=691,764.70 Pa

=6.91x 105Pa.

Therefore, the hydraulic machine is based on Pascal's law so, pressure on the small piston and the large piston is equal which is 6.91 x 105Pa.

Question Answers

What is the difference between the floating of an empty ship and a cargo-loaded ship?

The weight of an empty ship is less than that of the cargo-loaded ship. So, less part of an empty ship immerges in water than that of a cargo loaded ship while floating in the water.

What difference is observed if an egg is immersed in pure water and in concentrated salt solution? Write with reason.

If an egg is immersed in pure water, it sinks because the up-thrust due to pure water is less than the weight of the egg. Similarly, the egg floats on the concentrated salt solution because the up-thrust due to the concentrated salt solution is more than the weight of the egg.

The bags are provided with broad handles, why?

The bags are provided with broad handles because the pressure is inversely proportional to the surface area, so the wide handle of the bag distributes the pressure due weight of the bag over a large area which makes it easier to carry the bags.

It is easier for a man to swim in seawater than in river water. Give reason.

We know that the up-thrust of the liquid is directly proportional to the density of the liquid. The seawater has more density than that of river water due to the dissolved salts so that the sea-water exert of river water due to the dissolved salts so that the sea-water exert more up-thrust to our body than that of river water and so, it is easier to swim in seawater than in river water.